Solaris系统管理员常用命令1. Solaris 操作系统操作系统的版本:Solaris 1.x(sunos4.1.x), Solaris 2.x(sunos 5.x), Solaris 7, Solaris 8特点: 多用户, 多任务(or 多进程,多线程), 分布式计算(处理)应用: Client-Server方式中的服务器o NFS Server,o Name services Server,o mail Server,o Operating system Server,o Database Servero Application Server2. SUN 服务器体系结构硬件(Hardware) --> Solaris 系统内核(Kernel)-->指令 Shell-->应用软件(Applications)o SUN 服务器的体系结构发展(Kernel and Application Architecture): [1] SPARC-->[2] SuperSPARC-->[3] UltraSPARC-->[4] sun4c,-->[5] sun4m-->[6] sun4uo 常见硬件组成[1] 处理器 CUP,[2] 内存 Memory,[3] 系统总线 bus,[4] 硬盘 disk,[5] 显示器 monitor,[6] 键盘 keyboard,[7] 光驱 cdrom,[8] 磁带机 tape,[9] 网卡 net......3. Openboot(Prom) 常用命令及 Solaris 操作系统的安装Openboot(Prom) 常用命令:=========================ok> help (帮助命令)ok> banner (显示系统hostid, memory, mac addr等nvrom配置信息)ok> .version (显示prom版本信息)ok> devalias (系统设备别名)例如devalias cdrom1 /sbus/SUNW,fas@e8800000/sd@5,0ok> nvalias (prom命令/信息别名)ok> probe-scsi-all (显示所有scsi设备)ok> printenv (显示prom系统环境变量)ok> setenv (设置prom系统环境变量)例如:setenv auto-boot falsesetenv boot-device disk net cdromok> set-defaults (设置prom系统环境变量为缺省值) ok> resetSolaris 操作系统的安装:=======================o 从光盘启动,并安装操作系统命令:ok> boot cdrom,o 终止系统安装/启动:stop+a--> sync--> reseto 继续安装/启动ok> go,o 安装过程中须提供主要信息[1]主机名host name,[2]网络network,ip地址,[3]网络服务器类型nis+/other/none/standlone,[4]子网掩码netmask,[5]时区time zone,[6]日期/时间date/time[7]安装方式:升级/初始安装upgrade/initial,[8]硬盘分区信息例如:partition:0 /,1 swap,2 backup,3,4,5,6 /usr,7 /export/homeo Solaris操作系统常见分区功能[1] / 操作系统根目录[2] Swap 内存交换区[3] /usr 存放系统应用软件及命令[4] /opt 安装用户应用软件[5] /var 系统信息存放区[6] /export/home 用户目录区系统安装信息日志:=================/var/sadm/install/contents, install_log4. 应用软件常用安装/删除命令(add/delete software)图形工具命令============# admintool&命令行工具==========# pkginfo, 例如: # pkginfo | grep ab# pkgadd, 例如: # pkgadd -d . SUNWsprot SUNWabc# pkgrm, 例如: # pkgrm SUNWsport SUNWabc# pkgchk 例如: # pkgchk SUNWsport SUNWabc5. 补丁管理命令Patch查看patch: # showrev -p,安装patch: # ./installpatch .备份patch: # ./backoutpatch 102972-01patch安装目录: /var/sadm/patchpatch信息网站: 6. 操作系统启动过程及运行级别操作系统启动过程================[1] prom (系统自检selftest) ,[2] bootblk, (系统引导盘启动扇区),[3] ufsboot (/platform/'uname -i'/ufsboot),[4] kernel (initself, /kernel/genunix, /etc/system),[5] init (/sbin/init, /etc/inittab, /sbin/rc*.d,/etc/rc*.d, /etc/init.d)操作系统自动配置过程====================[1] 内核上载入内存(kernel module are load to memory) o 静态内核static core:/kernel/genunix, /platform/.../kernel/unix,o 动态内核dynamically loaded module:driver module, streams, ufs module, nfs module/kernel/,/platform/.../kernel/unix, /usr/kernelo /etc/system内容:moddir,exclude rootdev,set pt_cnt=100...............[2] 设备配置(device configration )o device tree: /devices, /devo /etc/path_to_install查看操作系统配置==================# dmesg,# printconf,# sysdef# /usr/platform/sun4u/sbin/prtdiag# /usr/platform/sun43u/sbin/prtdiag重新配置系统硬件=================# touch /reconfigure# init 0ok boot -r (重新启动/配置系统硬件)ok boot -ar在系统运行情况下,如果不想重新启动系统,安装硬盘/磁带等热插拔硬件,则:# drvconfig# devlinks# disks# tapes查看配置情况:# dmesg# printconf# sysdef操作系统运行级别==================系统启动时，进入/etc/inittab中initdefault所定义的运行级别(deafult 3) 各运行级别的定义：run level:0, (halt, shotdown, stop+a,sync,go )1, (single user, boot -s, init s )2, (multiuser, unshare net)3, (multiuser, deafult)5, (halt, power off )6, (reboot to level 3 )S (init 1, boot -s)改变系统运行级别命令====================# init 0, halt, shotdown, stop+a,sync,go# init 1, single user, boot -s, init s# init 2, multiuser, unshare net# init 3, multiuser, deafult# init 5, halt, power off# init 6, reboot to level 3# init s, init 1, boot -s# init *,shotdown,halt,poweroff, reboot -- -r, reboot -- -sok> boot -s, boot -sra启动、关闭Solaris 操作系统==========================ok> boot -r (一般在安装新设备如硬盘等后，重起机器，重建系统内核)。

ok> boot cdrom - brower (从CDROM启动机器，重新安装系统，界面为浏览器方式)。

# sync (将内存中的内容写入硬盘)。

# halt (或 /etc/init 0) (关闭系统)。

# reboot7. 操作系统启动/关闭时运行的脚本命令Solaris操作系统会在系统启动或关闭时自动运行脚本命令例如: 有一个启动/关闭数据库的命令脚本/etc/init.d/rdbms,想在系统启动/停止时自动启动/关闭数据库:# vi /etc/init.d/rdbms# cd /etc/init3.d# ln /etc/init.d/rdbms S22rdbms (在系统启动时，运行命令脚本)# cd /etc/init0.d# ln /etc/init.d/rdbms K8822rdbms (在系统关闭时，运行命令脚本)也可手动执行:# /etc/init.d/rdbms stop# /etc/init.d/rdbms start要定时运行一个程序====================在/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root中加入分_时_日_月_年 /运用程序8. 硬盘分区及格式化(disk partition and format )# foramt (可显示硬盘类型, 大小, 分区情况. 可重新分区, 格式化等) 0 >partition>p>0>1>3>4>5>6>7>print>label>format>quit>quit0 root wm 0 - 3514 3.62GB (3515/0/0) 75924001 swap wu 3515 - 3757 256.29MB (243/0/0) 5248802 backup wm 0 - 3879 4.00GB (3880/0/0) 83808003 unassigned wm 3758 - 3879 128.67MB (122/0/0) 2635204 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 05 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 06 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 07 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0#foramt1>type>partition>print>0root wm 0 1940c>7root wm 0 1940c>p0 root wm 0 -1939 2.00GB (1940/0/0) 41904002 backup wm 0 - 3879 4.00GB (3880/0/0) 83808007 home wm 1940-3879 2.00GB (1940/0/0) 4190400>label>quit>quit9. Solaris 文件系统管理(unix file system )常见文件系统类型================[1]ufs,[2]hsfs,[3]pcfs,[4]vxfs....设备名描述(硬盘)==================/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0,(裸设备/字符设备raw disk)/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0,(逻辑设备/块设备logicl disk , block device)存储设备上建立文件系统======================# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s7系统文件系统记录=================# vi /etc/vfstabfd - /dev/fd fd - no -/proc - /proc proc - no -/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no -/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs 1 no -/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s3 /cache ufs 2 yes -/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home ufs 2 yes - /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s7 /export/home1 ufs 2 yes - swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -常用文件系统的操作命令======================示例:# umount /export/home1# mount /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7 /export/home1# umount /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7# mount -F pcfs /dev/diskette /floppy (mount 软盘)# mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0s0 /cdrom (mount 光驱)# mountall -l# umountall -l# volcheck# fdformat (软盘格式化)# eject cdrom (弹出光驱)# eject floppy (弹出软盘)Swap区文件系统的管理====================# swap -l,-a,-d,-s增加Swap区示例# mkfile 20m /export/home1/swap# swap -a /export/home1/swap# swap -l# swap -d /export/home1/swap# vi /etc/vfstab/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no -/export/home1/swap - - swap - no -swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -文件系统的维护/管理(maintain file system )[1] fsck,sync,fslush deamon( 30 second)stop+async[2] # umount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7# fsck /export/home# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home# ls /export/home/lost+found10. 系统备份/恢复(backup and restore )系统备份级别============[1] 共10级 level,[2] 0 级为全备份full,[3] 2-9 级为增量备份inc,[4] /etc/dumpdates,备份设备一般为磁带==================[1]tape,[2]设备名 /dev/rmt/0lbn (l,m,h density; b BSD behavior, n no rewind)系统系统备份/恢复命令=====================[1] ufsdump,[2] ufsrestore,例如:# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home# cd /var/tmp# ufsrestore tvf /dev/rmt/0# ufsrestore xvf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home恢复系统根目录操作举例(restore / file system )ok> boot cdrom -s系统启动后,不进行安装,打开一个命令窗口:# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0# mount /dev/dsk/c0t3d0s0 /a# cd /a# ufsdump rvf /dev/rmt/0# rm restoresymtable# cd /usr/platform/'uname -i'/libfs/ufs# installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0# umount /a# init 6常用备份/恢复命令(dditional backup command )============================================[1] mt,[2] tar,[3] dd,[4] cpio软盘操作===========# volcheck# fdformat -U (unix格式化软盘), fdformat -d (dos 系统格式化)# newfs /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0(在软盘上建UFS文件系统)# mount -t pcfs /dev/fd0 /pcfs# eject floppy光驱操作=========# mount -F hsfs /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /mnt/cdrom# fuser -k /mnt/cdrom# eject磁带机操作============# mt -f /dev/rmt/0 rew (到带)# mt -f /dev/rmt/0n status{eof | rewind | erase | offline | bsf n | fsf n}(0n 表示磁带操作完后不到带,status 表示查看磁带状态，eof 表示到磁带最后一个文件，rewind 表示到带到磁带最前，erase 摸掉，offline 弹出磁带，bsf n 磁带往回退n个文件，fsf n 磁带往前n个文件)# tar xvf /dev/rmt/0(从磁带到硬盘,解开归档文件)# tar tvf /dev/rmt/0(查看磁带内容，查看归档文件内容)# tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 文件系统(将文件系统考入磁带，将多个文件、目录建成归档文件)11. 网络管理(network)相关配置文件=============[1] /etc/nodename[2] /etc/hosts[3] /etc/hostname.hme0 (qe0, le0, hme1, hme2, ..., hme0:1, hme0:2, ... )[4] /etc/netmasks[5] /etc/networks[6] /etc/defaultrouter[7] /etc/notrouter[8] /etc/inetd.conf[9] /etc/rpc[10] /etc/services相关进程deamon:================[1] in.tcpipd[2] in.routed[3] in.rdisc......常用网络管理命令command:========================[1] ifconfig -a[2] netstat -rn[3] snoop -d hme0[4] route[5] arp -a[6] /usr/sbin/ping[7] /usr/bin/telnet[8] /usr/bin/rlogin[9] /usr/bin/ftp[10] /usr/openwin/bin/xhost配制网络端口============# ifconfig示例:# ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast10.10.10.255 plumb# ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast10.10.10.255 up# ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast10.10.10.255 down修改路由表============# netstat -r# route add net 10.10.10.0 10.10.10.1 1# route add default 10.10.10.1 1o 增加静态路由:# vi /etc/defaultrouter10.10.10.1 i1# sync;sync;rebooto 查看路由进程# ps -ef |grep routed重新关闭/启动tcp/ip协议进程=============================#sh /etc/init.d/inetinit stop#sh /etc/init.d/inetinit start12. 路由服务器:系统有两个/或两个以上的网口,可作为路由器或防火墙禁止两个网口间路由ip====================# cd /etc# touch notrouter# sync# sync# reboot查看路由进程=============# ps -ef |grep routed# ps -ef |grep in.rdisc13. 域名服务器(dns)相应配置文件============[1] /etc/named.boot[2] /etc/named.conf (only for solaris 2.7)[3] /var/named/db.*;[4] /etc/nsswitch.conf[5] /etc/resolv.conf相应系统进程============[1] d;[2] bind相关命令========[1] /etc/init.d/inetsvc;# /etc/init.d/inetsvc stop # /etc/init.d/inetsvc start[2] nslookup域名服务client端配置示例========================# vi /etc/nsswitch.conf hosts: files dns# vi /etc/resolv.conf domain search nameserver 192.168.0.100# nslookup14. NIS 服务器相应配置文件============[1] /var/yp,[2] /var/yp/Makefile[3] /etc/defaultdomain[4] /etc/nsswitch.conf[5] /etc/hosts,[6] /etc/networks, ...相应系统进程============[1] ypserv;[2] ypbind相关命令========[1] domainname[2] /etc/init.d/rpc (start/stop ypserv,ypbind)[3] ypinit -m; ypinit -c[4] yppush;[5] ypcatNIS 配置示例========================# vi /etc/defaultdomain# domainname # cd /var/yp# cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf# vi Makefile#B=-b nis no dnsB=B=-b nis also dns#B=# vi resolv.conf# /usr/ccs/bin/make# ypinit -m# /etc/init.d/rpc start# yppush# ypcat hosts# ypinit -cclient端配置============# vi /etc/defaultdomain# domainname # cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf# ypinit -c# /etc/init.d/rpc start# ypcat hosts15. NFS 文件系统(nfs file system )相应配置文件============[1] /etc/dfs/dfstab;(nfs server)例如:# vi /etc/dfs/dfstabshare -F nfs -o rw=engineering -d "home dirs" /export/home share -F nfs -o ro -d "app dirs" /export/appshare -F nfs -o ro -d "man dirs" /usr/share/man[2] /etc/vfstab;(nfs client)# vi /etc/vfstabi2:/export/home - /export/home nfs - yes soft,bgi2:/export/app - /export/app nfs - yes soft,bgi2:/usr/share/man - /usr/share/man nfs - yes soft,bgrw|ro,bg|fg, soft|hard, intr|nointr,suid|nosuid, timeo=n default=11x.1sec, retry=n 1k.相应系统进程============[1] mountd[2] nfsd[3] statd[4] lockd相关命令========[1] share,例如:# share -F nfs /export/home# share -F nfs -o ro /usr/share/man[2] unshare,[3] shareall,[4] unshareall;[5] mount例如:# mount nfsserver:/export/home /export/home# mount nfsserver:/export/app /export/app# mount nfsserver:/usr/share/man /usr/share/man[6] umount,[7] mountall,[8] umountall,[9] dfshares host,[10] dfmounts[11] /etc/init.d/nfs.server; /etc/init.d/nfs.client例如:# /etc/init.d/nfs.server start16. 并行打印机管理(Parallel Port Printer )并行打印机driver================/dev/bpp0-> /devices/.../...:bpp0 (打印server: i2)/dev/ecpp0->/devices/.../...:ecpp0 (打印client: i1)图形管理工具=============# admintool &Menu:Browse-->printersMenu:Edit-->add-->Local Printer...Printer Name: bpp0Print Server: i2Description: bpp on i2Print Port: /dev/bpp0Printer Type: PostScriptFile Content: PostScriptFault Notification: NoneOption: Accept Print Requests, Process Print Requests User Access List: allpress OK# admintool &Menu:Browse-->printersMenu:Edit-->add-->Access to Printer...Print Client: i1Printer Name: bpp0Print Server: i2Description: bpp0 on i2Option: Default PrinterPress OK# xetopsconvert chinese text file to PostScript file17. 用户管理user account图形管理工具=============# admintool &相关文件========[1] /etc/passwd例如:# vi /etc/passwdmax::1001:10:max li:/home/max:/bin/cshfrank::1002:10:frank lau:/export/home/frank:/sbin/sh[2] /etc/shaddow[3] /etc/group[4] /export/home/user[5] .cshrcC shell# vi .cshrcumask 022set path = ( /bin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin /usr/ucb/usr/lib /etc/init.d/usr/lib/netsvc/yp /usr/lib/nis/usr/ccs/bin/usr/openwin/bin )setenv TERM sun-cmdsetenv EDITOR /usr/bin/vi# source .cshrc# setenv PATH "/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/ucb/bin"[6] .login[7] .profileB shell# vi .profileumask 022PATH=/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/lib:/etc/init.d:PATH=$PATH:/usr/lib/netsvc/yp:/usr/lib/nis:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/openwin/ binTERM=vt100DISPLAY=i2:0.0export PATH TERM DISPLAY#. /.profile#set[8] .Xdefaults[9] .dt用户管理常用命令=================[1] chmod例如:#chmod -R 755 /export/home/frank[2] chown例如:#chown -R frank:staff /export/home/frank[3] chgrp18. 常用UNIX命令集锦(Commonly used UNIX commands )[1] cat[2] ls -al[3] cd[4] pwd[5] mv[6] cp[7] rm -r[8] rmdir[9] mkdir[10] find (find /etc -name host )[11] lp[12] set; setenv; export;[13] df -k[14] du -k (du .)[15] grep (ps -ef|grep root)[16] ps -ef[17] kill id (kill -9 pid)[18] du[19] ln[20] man( man -k keyword)[21] catman。