★1.Lexicology is the study of the structures, origins, meanings and usages of words.★2.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning andsyntactic function.★3.Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language. It also stands for allthe words used in a particular historical period, of a given dialect or discipline, or possessed by a person.4.Classification of Words:（1）by use frequency :A .Basic Word Stock(基本词汇)B. Nonbasic V ocabulary（非基本词汇）:Terminology 术语/ Jargon行话/ slang 俚语/ argot黑话/ Dialectal words 方言词/Archaism 古语词/ Neologism 新词（2）by notion: Content words and functional words 实义词与功能词（3）by origin: Native words and borrowed words 本族词与外来词5.Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系):Language and Language Families语言和语系•Number of languages in the world:3000-5000•Number of language families in the world:300•Basis for language family grouping:Similarities in the basic word stock and grammar of the languagesThe Indo-European, one of these, is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. (English belongs to Germanic , a Western set )1）Eastern Set（东部诸语族）：Albanian （阿尔巴尼亚语族）、Balto-Slavic （波罗的海-斯拉夫语族）、Amenian （亚美尼亚语族）、Indu-Iranian （印度-伊朗语族）2）W estern Set （西部诸语族）：Germanic （日耳曼语族）、Celtic （凯尔特语族）、Hellenic （古希腊语族）、Italic （意大利语族）6. Three periods of the English language:1)Old English(450AD—1150AD) when the first Germanic tribes began to settle inEngland.a. Anglo-Saxon—the Germanic tribesb. Latin –introduction of Christianity at the end of the 6th century.c. Scandinavian –Norwegian and Danish vikingsd. 5000-6000 words; highly inflected2)Middle English (1150—1500) during the Norman Conquest.a. French influence Norman Conquest 1066b. 9000 French words continually flowed into Englishc. Dutch words entered English with the trade relation.d. English regained position of importance–Wycliff translation of the Bible (威克利夫)–Writings of Chaucer and Langland (乔叟、朗兰)–English gradually came back to schoolsMidland is the chief ancestor of Modern English.3)Modern English (1500—):Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语•The Renaissance 文艺复兴—a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics•1500-1700–over 10,000 new words entered English.•The Bourgeois Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, colonization–absorb words from all major languages in the worldLate Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语•World wars•Advances in science and technology•Thousands and thousands of new words have been created through borrowing and word-formation•New words in all walks of life: politics, economy, commerce, culture, entertainment, education, sports, transportation, mass media•From synthetic language to analytic language7.Modes of Vocabulary Development 词汇的发展方式•C reation 创词– formation of new words by using existing materials such as roots, affixes and other elements.•S emantic changes 旧词新义– an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.•B orrowing借词—absorbing words from foreign languages★8.Morpheme (词素)1) The minimal meaningful units of language are known as morphemes. 语言的最小意义单位称为词素。
2) The morpheme is “the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.”(D.Crystal 1985) 词素是―构词中最小的功能单位。
3)Free morphemes 自由词素:⊙Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.⊙They are identical with root words.⊙Examples: man, earth, wind, car, anger.4)Bound morphemes 粘着词素:bound root + affixesBound morphemes cannot occur as separate words but have to combine with other morphemes to form words.5)Derivational and Inflectional Affixes 派生词缀和屈折词缀⊙Derivational affixes—they are conjoined to other morphemes new words.⊙Inflectional morphemes—they are attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship.(P.47)⊙Modern English is an analytic language, which has only a few inflectional affixes.Morphemes：1) free---free root2) bound--- bound rootaffixes---derivation (prefix suffix), inflectional9.Root, stem 词根、词干1) A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total lossof identity.2) A stem is a form to which an inflectional morpheme can be added.10. word formation1）Affixation（词缀法）is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.①Prefixation 前缀法：The formation of words by adding prefixes to stems.types of prefixes---a. Negative prefixes 否定前缀(a, dis, in, non, un)b. Pejorative prefixes 表示贬义的前缀(mal, mis, pseudo)c. class-changing prefixes 改变词性的前缀（a, en, un, be）②suffixation(后缀法) is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stemsThe primary function of suffixes is to change the grammatical function of stems.Types of suffixes: Adjective suffixes 形容词后缀、Adverb suffixes 副词后缀、Verb suffixes 动词后缀、noun suffixes 名词后缀2)Compounding（复合法）：Compounding refers to the formation of new words by joining two or more bases.复合法指由两个或更多的词基相结合而构成新词。