表示“应该”和“必须”的情态助动词should, ought to, have to 与must（1）表示不可逃避的义务或表示“必须”的must。

must通常只用于现在时和将来时，其他时态则用have to代替。

have to比must往往更强调客观的要求或外在的原因：In the play, she must appear in a bright red dress and long black stockings.演出时她必须穿一条鲜红色的裙子和黑色的长筒袜。

Last year in another play, she had to wear short socks and a bright, orange-coloured dress.去年在演另一个剧时，她不得不穿短袜和一件鲜艳的橘红色的衣服。

（2）should 和ought to都可译为“应该”，表示义务、责任或某个正确的行为。

ought to 比should语气略强些，多用于肯定句；疑问句与否定结构则多用should。

与它们相比，must 和have to 的语气要强得多，没有选择余地：must和have to表示“必须”，而should和ought to表示“责任”、“义务”或是“一个正确的行动”。

试比较：I can’t go to the cinema tonight; I must (or have to) write some letters.今晚我不能去看电影，我必须写几封信。

（我没有选择，我必须而且将会写这些信。

）I should (or ought to) do some work tonight, but I think I shall go to the cinema instead.今晚我应当做一些工作，不过我想我会去看电影的。

（对我来说，正确的做法是工作，但是我选择了去看电影。

）（3）had to表示“过去的必须”，表示过去必须做某事。

should be doing(应正在做)，而“should( ought to)+have+过去分词”表示过去应该做（或完成）而没有做的事，我们经常翻译为“本该做…”。

I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.（我没有选择，只有叫计程车）I’m sorry I’m late, I should(or ought to) have taken a taxi.（我知道正确的做法应该是叫车来的，但是我没有叫。

）You ought to （should）have been more careful in this experiment. 你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。

ought to have done sth, should have done sth表示本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。

否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。

例如：He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.他不该把旧衣服扔了。

（事实上已扔了。

）Have使役式（The causative）（1）动词have除了可以作为助动词构成完成时以外，还可以作为完全动词表示“拥有”或代替take, eat, receive, experience 等动词（cf. 第18课语法）：Did you have a good meal?您吃得好吗？He has five cars.他有5辆汽车。

have+名词可以代替普通动词：They had a nice swim.他们很畅快地游了泳。

（2）have作为完全动词还可以构成使役式，其形式为：have+名词或宾格代词+动词的过去分词(have sth. Done)。

由于have是完全动词，所以其疑问句与否定句由do/did构成。

与被动语态相似，使役式着重表示的是对某物（或某人）做了什么而不是某人做了什么。

我们经常翻译为“让人来做某事”。

试比较：I’m repairing my car.我在修理自己的汽车。

（主动语态）My car is being repaired.我的汽车正在检修。

（被动语态）I’m having my car repaired.我正在让别人修理我的汽车。

（使役式的进行式）用被动语态或使役式时，我们可能不知道或认为不必指明为我们服务的人是谁。

然而，使役式比被动语态更加强调“使”别人为我们服务这一事实。

我们要表示让别人为我们做某事时，通常不用主动语态。

让别人给自己理发时，不可说I want to cut my hair而要说I want to have my hair cut。

I washed my car.(I washed it myself.)我洗了车。

I had my car washed.(Someone else washed it for me.)我让人洗了车。

I'm going to clean my suit.(I'm going to clean it by myself.)我将洗一洗我的西服。

I'm going to have my suit cleaned.(Someone else will do it for me.)我将把我的西服送出去洗一洗。

He had his hair cut yesterday.他昨天理了发。

I will have to have my watch repaired.我将不得不去修表。

Did you have your watch repaired?你把你的表修好了吗？I didn't have my watch repaired.我没有把表修好。

使役式也可以用以指人：While I'm away, I'll have you looked after.1.I will tell him as soon as he _____ backA. comeB. comesC. will comeD. came2. Mary _____ on shoes when she ____ them.A. tries…buysB. tries… buiesC. trys… buysD. trys… buies3. The girl often ______ cold when she ______.A. cathcs…dancesB. catches… dancesC. catchs…danceesD. catches… dancee4. _____ he ____ himself there? No, I don't think so.A.Do…enjoyB. Does… enjoiesC. Does… enjoysD. Does…enjoy5. _____ your teacher ____ from them very often? Certainly.A. Do…hearB. Does…hea rC. Do… receiveD. receive6. _____ your mother _____ some cleaning on Sundays?A. Does…doesB. Do…doesC. Does…doD. Do… do7. _____ Tom _____to work hard to help his family ? Yes, he _____.A. Has…x…doesB. Has…x…doesC. Does…has…hasD. Does…have…does8. Which teacher _____ lessons to you every day ?A. does …givesB. does… giveC. do… giveD. gives9. Smith does not go fishing on weekdays, ____? _____ , he does.A. does he…NoB. does he…YesC. doesn't he…NoD. doesn't he…Yes10.Mr Black often _____ fishing on Sundays, _____ he ?A. goes…doesn'tB. goes…isn'tC. doesn't go…doesD. doesn't go…is11.He usually _____ TV on Sunday evening.A. watchB. watchesC. watchingD. is watching12. We'll go to play with snow if it ______ tomorrow.A. snowB. snowsC. will snowD. snowed13. Neither I nor he ______ French.A. speakB. doesn't speakC. speaksD. doesn't speak14. Nobody ______ how to run this machines.A . know B. have known C. knows D. is knowing15. The Young Pioneer _____ water for the old man every day.A. carryB. bringC. takesD. carries16. Some are ______ in the river and some are ______ games.A. swimming… playingB. swimming…plaiingC. swimming… I playingD. swimming…plaing17. Look ! The boy students are _____ football while the girls are _____ .A. playing… danceB. playing… dancingC. play… dancingD. play… dance18. He _____ to do his lessons at eight every evening.A. is beginningB. is beginningC. beginD. begins19. _____ he _____ on well with his friends this term ?A. Does…getsB. Does…getC. Is…gettingD. Is…geting20. Mr Smith _____ short stories, but he ____ a TV play these days.A. is writing…is writingB. is writing… writesC. writes… is writingD. writes… writes21. I _____ to the cinema. I ______ there every Sunday.A. go…goB. am going… goC. go… am goingD. am going…am going22. Look, they______ a good time, ____ they ?A. have…doB. have…don'tC. are having…areD. are having… aren't23. You ______ about the future now, ______ you ?A. don't think…d on'tB. aren't thinking… aren'tC. don't think… doD. aren't thinking… are24. She always ______ something whenever she ______.A .studied…played B. studied…plaied C.. studied…plaied D. studied… played25. He often _____ late in the forest. It _____ me very much.,A. stayed…worriedB. staied… worriedC. stayed…worryedD. staied… worried26. I ______that the boy _____ with no tears in his eyes.A. noticed… cryedB. noticed… criedC. noticed…criedD. noticed… cryed27. We _____the floor and _____ all the windows.A. mopped… cleannedB. moped… cleanedC. mopped…cleanedD. moped… cleaned28. When I _____ the Children's Palace, the children _____ with joy.A. visited… jumppedB. visited… jumpedC. vi sited… jumpedD. visited… jumpped29. ______ a sports meet last Sunday ? Yes , they ______.A. Did they have... did B. Did they have... had C. Had they... had D. Had they (i)30. ____ you _____out for a walk after supper ? Yes, I ______.A. Di d...went...went B. Did...go... went C. Did...went... did D. Did...go (i)31. _____ Jack _____ on with his work or ______ to have a rest?A. Did…went… stoppedB. Did…go… stopC. Did…went… stopD. Did…go… stopped32. You gave them a talk two days ago, _____you ? Yes, I ______.A. did… didB. did… gaveC. didn't… didD. didn't… gave33. ____ your brother _____ a letter to ? My father.A. Who… wroteB. What…wroteC. Who did…writeD. What did… write34. They _____ about the TV news then in the sitting-room. They often ____ such talksA. talked…hadB. talk…haveC. were talking…hadD. are talking…have35. He ______ some cooking at that time, so _____ me.A. did… heardB. did… didn't hearC. was doing… heardD. was doing… didn't hear36. " _____ you angry then?" "They_ too much noise.”A. Are…were makingB. Were…were makingC. Are…madeD. Were… made37. This time yesterday Jack _____ his, bike. He _____ TV.A. repaired… didn't watchB. was repairing… watchedC. repaired… watchedD. was repairing … wasn't watching38. We _____ for Tom at ten last Sunday. He often kept us ______.A. were waiting… waitingB. were waiting… waitC. waited… waitingD. waited… wait39. When you _____ at the door, I _____ some washing.A. knocked… didB. was knocking… didC. knocked… was doingD. knock… am doing40. The boy_____ English on the radio when I _____ his door.A. learned… was openingB. was le arning… openedC. learned… openedD. is learning… open41. When they______ through the forest, a bear _____ at them.A. walked… was comingB. were walking… cameC. were talking… comesD. walk… is coming42. A young man _____ her while she _____ her work .A. watched… was finishingB. was watching… finishedC. watched… finishedD. was watching… was finishing43. While mother _____ some washing, I ______ a kite for Kack.A. did… madeB. was doing… madeC. was doing… was makingD. did… was making44. I _____ myself French from 7 to 9 yesterday morning. I _____ to work.A. was teaching… didn't goB. taught… didn't goC. was teaching… wentD. taught… went45. He _____ a model plane when I came to see him.A. makesB. is makingC. was makingD. made46. I ______ a letter at nine last night.A. is writingB. was writingC. wroteD. is writing47. The teacher_____ (give) us a history lesson when Tom walked into the classroom.A. gaveB. is givingC. was givenD. was giving48. There will be a football match in two days, that is _______.A. last SundayB. next SundayC. every SundayD. this Sunday49. We ______ class meeting this November. A. had B. have C. will have D. are having50. He ______ in his garden every morning next year.A.will workB. worksC. workedD. is working51. Be careful. The train ______. A. will come B. C. comes D. is coming52. Look at those clouds. It _____ soon, I'm afraid.A. is going to rainB. is rainingC. will rainD. won't rain53. The radio says it ______ the day after tomorrow.A. is going to snowB. is snowingC. will snowD. snows54. _____ he _____ some shopping tomorrow afternoon ?A. Will…doesB. is going to doC. is…doingD. Shall… do55. What day _____ it ______ tomorrow ? Wednesday.A. is… going to beB. will…beC. shall…beD. does…be56. The boy _______ sixteen years old next year.A. is going to beB. is growing to beC. will beD. is57. _____ you ____ me up at six, please ?A. Are…going to wakeB. Are…wakingC. Will…wakeD. Do…wake58. If he ______ to college, he _____ a lot more.A. will go…will learnB. will go…is going to learnB.is going… is going to learn D. goes… will learn59. When she _____ next time ,l ______ her everything.A. is going to come…shall tellB. will come…shall tellC. comes…will tellD. come…will tell1—5 BABDB 6—10 CDDBA 11—15 BBCCD16—20 CBDCC 21-25 BDDDA 26—30 BCBAD 31—35 BCCCD36—40 BDACB 41-45 BDCAC 46—50 BDDCA 51—55 DACBB56—60 CCDCDA 1shouldn't 3don't have to 3 mustn't 4 shouldn't 5mustn't 6 doesn't have toB I'm sorry I'm a little late for my appointment. I had to go to the bank. 2. I know I really ought to have finished this report last night, but I was just too tired to do any more work. 3. Jim now knows what he should have answered when his boss asked him to work overtime,but he couldn't think quickly enough. 4. I'm sorry. I shouldn't have told you the banks are shut after 4.00 in the afternoon. 5. Of course the photocopier doesn't work. Shouldn't you have switched it on first? \C 1can't have 2 can't have 3 needn't have 4 needn't have 5 can't have 6 needn't haveD 1. let me down 2 let the man off 3 let the dog out 4 accept 5 got dressed 6 dress upE Yesterday was my birthday. When the postman came, in my excitement I just opened the letters, cards and two small parcels. I ought to have looked at the names and addresses more carefully. I can't have noticed your name and address on one of the parcels. I am sending it on to you. Please accept my sincere apologies.情态动词一.情态动词的定义情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。