汉译英实用技巧初探提要：汉英结构和表达方式相去甚远，为了在译文中不露刀斧之痕，译者务必灵活运用转换、省译、扩译等主要实用技巧。
关键词：转换，扩译，省译一、转换技巧(transforming)由于汉英结构不同，表达方式迥异，“硬性翻译”不仅读起来别扭，而且会闹出笑话。
这就译者在翻译时灵活使用转换的技巧，有时将汉语中的动词转换成英语的介词短语，有时将并列句译成主从句，等等。
法无定法，随机而化。
力求做到云过无声，水过无痕。
读来自然流利，移植的有如原生的。
1．词类的转换(1) 名词译成动词美国反对的理由是，北朝鲜不是联合国会员。
The U.S. objected that North Korea was not a member of the UN.你很有鉴别力。
You know what‟s what.(2) 动词译成名词消防队员连续奋战了九个昼夜，才控制住了火势。
The firemen battled against the flames for nine days and nights before getting them under control.邱吉尔来到华盛顿说服罗斯福把在欧洲开辟第二战场的日期拖延下去。
Churchill arrived in Washington to talk Roosevelt out of an early invasion of Europe.富兰克林深信，我们必须学会了解我们所在的这半球的邻居并学会与他们和睦相处。
Franklin had a deep conviction that we must learn to understand and to get on with our neighbors in this hemisphere.(3) 动词译成形容词先生曰：“狼负我，狼负我！”狼曰：“吾非固欲负汝。
天生汝辈，固需吾辈食也。
”“ You are an ungrateful beast,” complained the man.“Not at all,” retorted the wolf, “it is not that I‟m ungrateful, but you men were created for us to devour.”（颜惠庆译《马中锡·中山狼传》）他急切地想得到消息。
He was news-hungry.并不是所有的人都喜欢这个方案。
The program was not popular with all of the staff.(4) 动词译成介词或介词短语巴拿马人追求的最大目标是有机会从运河那里得到更多的收入。
The most the Panamanians are after is a chance to get more income from the Canal.有这样一个对手，倒是我们的幸运。
We were fortunate in our opponent.(5) 动词译成副词每一次出游都是上次的继续，而不是重复。
Each time out was a continuation, not a repetition.电视剧已经开始了。
The TV play is on.(6) 形容词译成名词我们对未来感到谨慎的乐观。
We feels cautious optimism about the future.他注意到两国在柏林问题上的看法非常一致。
He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Berlin problem.(7) 名词译成形容词该机票的有效期为一年。
The plane ticket would be good/ valid for one year.(8) 名词译成副词官方宣布，联合王国政府于1997年7月1日将香港交换给中华人民共和国。
It was officially announced that the Government of the United Kingdom will restore Hong Kong to the People‟s Republic of China wit h effect from 1 July 1997.这家报社的社论说，两国目前还谈不上核合作。
The paper said editorially that nuclear cooperation between the two countries is out of the question for the present.2. 主被动语态的转换(1) 主动译成被动最近揭发出相当严重的贪污、受贿和官僚主义问题。
Serious cases of embezzlement, bribery, and bureaucracy have been brought to light recently.《中苏友好同盟互助条约》已经名存实亡。
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance had now been reduced to less than a shadow.(2) 被动译成主动聪明反被聪明误。
The clea r failed because of one‟s cleverness.3. 句型转换(1) 简单句之间的转换简单句之间可以转换，来表达相同或相近的意思。
可改动的部分可能是主语，可能是谓语，可能是宾语，可能是定语，也可能是状语。
改造人的思想不是一件容易的事情。
Remoulding of one‟s ideology is not an easy thing.Ideological remoulding is not an easy thing.农民从改革中得到了实惠。
The peasants received benefit from the reform.The peasants benefited by the reform.外国朋友对我们在空间技术方面取得的巨大成就感到很惊讶。
The foreigners marveled at our great achievements on space technology.The foreigners marveled at greatness of our achievements on space technology.(2) 单句与并列句之间的转换带有因果关系的并列句可以的转换成简单句。
这套房子的窗户很大，可以接受充分的阳光。
The window of this flat is very large, hence it can admit an adequate amount of sunlight. （译成并列句）The window of this flat is large enough to admit an adequate amount of sunlight. （译成简单从句）(3) 复句与单句之间的转换复句与单句之间的转换的特点是将复句的一部分变成短语，这部分可能是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，定语从句，或状语从句。
遗憾的是，你已经结过婚了。
It is a pity you have already got married. （复句）It is a pity for you to have already got married. （单句）问题是如何发展。
The question now is how we should develop. （复句）The question now is how to develop. （单句：复句中的表语从句变成短语）格里利坚持要那位家伙买《纽约论坛报》来读。
Hollis Greely insisted that the fellow buy New York Forum. （复句）Hollis Greely insisted on that fellow buying New York Forum. （单句）愿意留下的可以留下。
Those who want to remain may do so. （复句）Those wanting to remain may do so. （单句）万一陛下处死乔治·威瑟，那我就要沦为英国最蹩脚的诗了。
In case Your Majesty puts Wither to death , I will be reduced to the shoddiest poet in the UK. （复句）Your Majesty putting Wither to death , I will be reduced to the shoddiest poet in the UK. （单句）4. 省译技巧(pruning)（1）汉语中一些特指的词，如问题、现象、方法、手段等，译成英语时可以省去。
例如，张雪静改编并翻译的《西厢记》——（张生）凭着胸中锦绣才华，一举成名，独占熬头，成为天子门生。
Thanks to his exceptional talents, Zhang won the highest honor.千艺将《三十六计》中的“美人计”译为将《三十六计》中的“美人计”译为Sex Trap,将“空城计”译为The Empty City, 将“走为上”译为Retreat，将“借刀杀人”译为Borrow Other‟s Hand to Kill等，都是“省译技巧”的典范。
贾赦领着各族子侄在西街门外，贾母领着各族女眷在大门外迎接。
半日静悄悄的。
For a long time they waited in silence, Jia She and the young men of the family by the entrance of the west street, the Lady Dowager and the women on front of the main gate.杨宪益和戴乃迭翻译的《红楼梦》中“元妃省亲”的片段，译者在the Lady Dowager and the women on front of the main gate中将谓语承前省去了。
面子问题听到女儿在她的屋里呜呜地哭泣，妈妈悄悄地走了过来。
“怎么了？孩子。
”“他和我吹了！”女儿头也不抬的说。
“你不是本来也不喜欢他吗？”“可他先说的分手！”Face-savingHearing her daughter was whimpering in her room, mother came over silently." What goes? darling."" He and I have broken off!" Daughter said , even not raise her head. " Do you dislike him originally?" "But, he has said …break-up‟ to me first !"在上面的小品文中，“问题”一词没有译出。