⒋福柯的权力话语理论
◇福柯在《知识考古学》等著作中提出，不存在绝对客观知识，知识的生 产、传播和消费始终与权力纠葛在一起。纯粹的真理是不存在的，所有 知识的目的都在于确证统治结构的合法性。任何话语都有虚构的成分。 ◇这些思想构成了后殖民主义理论的方法论前提。
Post-colonialism Studies: Scope of Theoretical Inquiries

Orientalism ---- A Western study of Eastern Culture

Orientalism is a constellation of false assumptions underlying Western attitudes toward the Middle East. It is an authoritative discourse based on dualism of opposites and essentialism. It expresses and represents European culture and material civilization culturally and even ideologically as a mode of discourse with supporting institutions vocabulary, scholarship, imagery, doctrines, even colonial bureaucracies and colonial styles..
Edward W Said
Edward W Said wrote extensively on the subject of cultural imperialism. His work attempts to highlight the inaccuracies of many assumptions about cultures and societies, and is largely informed by Michel Foucault's concepts of discourse and power. (“话 语”与“权力”理论)


What is Orientalism?
Orientalism is an academic discipline or corporate institution, but basically it is the way the colonizer thinks about, talks about and represents the colonized, based on a division of two parts (West and East) in general terms (despotism专制独裁/ democracy民主制, sensuality好色 淫荡/ self-control自制, mystical神秘的/ sensible明白的, intrigue阴谋/ straightforwardness率真, etc.)


What is colonialism?

Colonialism: one country‟s domination of another country or people—usually achieved through aggressive, often military, actions—and the territory acquired in this manner.

Frantz Fanon (法侬)— He discusses the relationship between the traditional nationalism and imperialism.
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⒊葛兰西的文化霸权思想 ◇西方马克思主义者葛兰西认为：所谓文化霸权就是指在资本主义统治中 ，文化领域的控制具有重要地位；统治者对文化和思想观念的全面控制 ，不是通过外在强制而是通过被统治者的自觉认同来实现的。 ◇后殖民主义者由此认为文化霸权贯穿于殖民主义的整个过程，在后殖民 时代，文化控制仍然是帝国主义在当今的重要表现形式。
Theoretical basis:

Antonio Gramsci (葛兰西)—cultural hegemony It is used to describe the dominance relationship between various classes in the society .


Post-colonialism
Postcolonialism is continuation of decolonization, carried on in the Western academy, often termed as Postcolonial Studies.

It is a specifically post-modern intellectual discourse that consists of reactions to, and analysis of, the cultural legacy of colonialism.
他者？ 他者——“东方”，即被殖民的一方，是“在西方人对熟悉的事物的 藐视和对新奇事物的狂喜或恐惧之间摇曳不定的存在”。（赛义德 ）

Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between “the Orient” and (most of the time) “the Occident.„‟: poets, novelists, philosophers, political theorists, economists, and imperial administrators, have accepted the basic distinction between East and West…” Orientalism is something more historically and materially defined than either of the other two. ….In short, Orientalism as a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient.
Post colonialism
Content

Definition of Postcolonialism Representatives： Edward W. Said & Orientalism Homi K. Bhabha & Hybridity Textual Analysis: Slumdog Millionaire
The Historical Development of PostColonialism
1.酝酿期：20世纪初至70年代。代表人物法农，其著作批判地分 析了殖民主义意识形态对受殖民者造成的文化心理创伤。 2.形成和发展期：70年代至90年代。代表人物是萨义德、斯皮瓦 克和巴巴。萨义德《东方主义》的发表则标志着后殖民主义的 形成，他被认为是后殖民民主义文论的开创者；斯皮瓦克提出 了后殖民状况下受殖民者的“自我表征”问题；巴巴则提出了 “受殖民者的身份构建”问题，他们三人共同促成了后殖民主 义文论的广泛影响。他们被称之为后殖民理论的“圣三位一体 ”。
“殖民主义首先是指帝国主义国家从经济上与政治上对殖民地国家进 行的侵略；但同时它还体现为意识形态上和文化上的侵略，即殖民者 将自己的世界观、价值观渗透到殖民统治中去，迫使殖民地人民接受 。” “马克思、恩格斯曾指出，“欧洲殖民主义的一个最显著的特征就是 迫使所有殖民地采纳资本主义生产方式，进而接受资本主义文明”。
Representatives
Edward Said(萨义德) Gayatri C. Spivak(斯皮瓦克)


Homi K. Bhabha(霍米· 巴巴 )

一起被誉为后殖民理论的“圣三位一体”
Edward W . Said (1935-2003)


A founding figure in postcolonialism, known best for his book Orientalism, which presented his influential ideas on Orientalism. He was a PalestinianAmerican literary theorist, a professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University.

Generally speaking, post-colonial studies covers at least four distinct areas: imperial culture; cultures of the colonized; cultures of resistance that opposed imperialism relationship between First World metropolitan and Third World peripheral cultures
3.反思期：90年代至今。代表人物德里克，他对上述三位学者的 学术立场及其理论自身的矛盾进行了深入分析，着重指出他们 理论的盲点。
作为一种晚近形成的理论话语，后殖民主义文论仍处在继续发展 的过程中。
思想来源：
⒈非洲的殖民主义批评话语