美国失业率怎么下降
发表日期：2011-12-11 来源：沃尔得国际英语点击：11
The U.S. added 120,000 jobs in November, but the unemployment rate posted a huge drop to 8.6% from 9% and a broader unemployment rate fell even more to 15.6% from 16.2%. Why?
The number of jobs added comes from a survey of establishment payrolls. The unemployment rate comes from a separate survey of U.S. households. The household survey is much smaller than the establishment survey, and as a result it can swing around a lot 岸and move the unemployment rate up and down when it does. That volatility is a big reason why economists usually, but not always, pay much more attention to the establishment report.
The unemployment rate is calculated based on people who are without jobs, who are available to work and who have actively sought work in the prior four weeks. The ※actively looking for work§ definition is fairly broad, including people who contacted an employer, employment agency, job center or friends; sent out resumes or filled out applications; or answered or placed ads, among other things. The rate is calculated by dividing that number by the total number of people in the labor force.
In October, the household survey showed the number of people unemployed fell by 594,000, but the labor force 岸the number of people working or looking for work 岸fell by a little more than half that amount. That means that though the number of employed people rose, a large group just stopped looking for work. That could be due to discouragement of the long-term unemployed or by choice over retirement or child care. So the decline in the unemployment rate to 8.6% was about half due to people finding jobs and half people dropping out.
Meanwhile, the broader unemployment rate, known as the ※U-6∪for its data classification by the Labor Department, dropped by a 0.6 percentage point last month. The U-6 figure includes everyone in the official rate plus ※marginally attached workers§岸those who are neither working nor looking for work, but say they want a job and have looked for work recently; and people who are employed part-time for economic reasons, meaning they want full-time work but took a part-time schedule instead because that＊s all they could find.
The key to the drop in the broader unemployment rate was due to a 378,000 drop in the number of people employed part time but who would prefer full-time work, that comes on top of a big drop in that category last month. That number could reflect people having their hours increased or part-time workers moving on to full time work.
美国11月新增了12万个工作岗位，但失业率却从9%大幅回落至8.6%，而一项更广泛的失业率指标甚至从16.2%降至15.6%。

原因何在？
增加的就业数据取自一项机构薪资（establishment payrolls）调查，而失业率则来自一项美国家庭调查。

后者的调查规模远小于前者，因此可能会产生很大波动，从而推动失业率上下振荡。

这种波动性是经济学家通常来说(虽然并非总是如此)更关注机构薪资调查的主要原因。

失业率的统计以失业者为基础，这里指的是目前可随时上岗并在过去四周内一直积极找工作的人。

“积极找工作”的定义十分宽泛，其中包括与雇主、职业介绍所、就业中心或朋友进行了联络、寄发了个人简历或填写了求职申请、回复了招聘广告或刊登了求职广告的人等。

失业率就是用这些人数除以总的劳动人数。

这项10月家庭调查显示，美国失业人数减少了59.4万，但劳动人口(工作或找工作人口总和)减少的数量仅略超过这一数字的一半。

这意味着虽然就业人数有所增加，但很大一部分人已经不再找工作，原因既可能是长期失业者情绪受挫，也可能是人们选择退休或照顾孩子。

所以说，失业率降至8.6%一半是由于人们找到了工作，一半则是由于人们放弃找工作。

此外，因美国劳工部(Labor Department)数据分类而得名的更广泛失业率指标“U-6”上个月下降了0.6个百分点。

U-6数据包括官方失业率中的所有人以及边际状态劳动者(既不工作也不找工作、但表示想工作并且最近找过工作的人)和出于经济原因目前在做兼职的人(希望做全职但由于只能找到兼职而做起了兼职的人)。

广义失业率下降的关键在于那些虽然做兼职、但其实想做全职的人减少了37.8万，这个失业率上个月就出现了大幅下降。

这一数字可能表明这些人增加了工作时间或兼职者找到了全职工作。