1400 - 3500 1460 - 2700 1300 - 2150 850 - 2220 760 - 1340 635 - 900 525 - 760 295 - 800 565 - 650 360 - 600 305 - 525 225 - 635 310 - 330 225 - 350 185 - 300 150 - 275 60 - 85 31-
法规一致对国际贸易非常关键
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Mobile Source Emission Regulations Basic Elements (Typical) 移动式发动机排放法规的基本要素(典型)
• • • • • • • • • • • • Source categorization 污染源的种类 Gaseous/PM emissions test 气态污染物/ 颗粒排放试验 Smoke test 烟度试验 Regulated pollutants 法规限制的污染物 Standards/effect dates 标准/ 实施日期 Test conditions 试验条件 Measurement procedures 测量程序 Certification fuel 认证燃料 Family versus rating certification 系列和规格 Witnessed versus unwitnessed certification testing 是否要见证试验 Compliance flexibility programs 符合法规的灵活性计划 Verification programs 认证计划
Engine 发动机 Cooling System 冷却系 Few ratings 规格少 Few installation variations 安装变速少 Few product families 系列少 60 mph ram air 60 哩/时迎面风 Light load factors Dense radiator cores高密度散热器芯 载荷系数低 Clean environment 环境清洁 Minimal mechanical loads机械负载小
Japanese 13-mode Test 日本13工况试验
Engine Speed
Idle
Peak Torque
Rated
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Mobile Off-Highway Emission Regulations Gaseous/PM Emissions Test 气体污染物/ 颗粒排放试验
B,C,L,M,N,K are all building in China B,C,L,M,N,K 系列都已在中国生产
200
600
1000
1400
1800
2200
2600
3000
3400
2
Horsepower
排放法规关注什麽
• 有害排气成分
Cx Hy Sz + O2 + N2
CO2 + H2O + N2 + O2 + NOx + HC + CO + SOx + C
WORLDWIDE EMISSION REGULATIONS FOR HEAVY-DUTY ENGINES USED IN MOBILE OFF-HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS
世界范围非公路用移动式重型柴油机排放法规
3,500H P
31 HP
Cummins Engine Product Line
温室效应 Green House
进气处理
Air Handling Fuel Handling Combustion Systems
可变增压器VGT
燃油处理
燃烧系统
电子控制
燃油质量
Electronic Controls
Fuel Quality
欧1 / 欧2 欧0 US 91/94 Tier1/Stage 1
• Rail Car
• Underground Mining
Y
N
N
Y Y
N?
N Y?
N
N Y
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• Marine Auxiliary (inc barges)N
On-highway Regulation Types 公路用法规类型 Certification Test Procedure Comparison 认证试验程序的比较
Torque (%) 100% 75% 50% 25% 10% Engine Speed Engine Speed 40% 20% 5% Rated Torque (%) Torque (%) 95% 80% 60% 40%
Idle
Peak Torque
Idle 20%
40%
60%
80%
Rated
Euro I & II 13-mode Test 欧洲1和2 13工况试验 U.S. EPA Transient Test 美国EPA变工况试验
CI >=37
kW
发动机功率
HP
>=50
>=175
50-750
40-349
Applications (U.S. & Europe include most others; JMOC specifies applications) • Portables (in general) • Portable Generator Sets • Rail Maintenance • Locomotive Aux (head-end) Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y N Y? N Y Y N N
燃料
空气
主要排气成分
排气中的微量成分
气体污染物 CO, HC, NOx, 微粒排放物 PM
汽油机：主要是 CO , HC 柴油机：主要是 NOx, PM
3
对排放的关注和柴油机技术的发展
碳烟
Black Smoke
光化学气体/臭氧 Smog/Ozone
其它影响健康的因素 Other Health Effects
欧 3 / 欧4 欧5 US 07/10 US 98 / 02 Tier3/Stage3 Tier2/Stage 2
后处理
After-treatment
4
Nationwide Mobile Source Emissions NOx Inventory
美国移动式污染源对NOx 排放的贡献
Heavy-duty On-highway 公路用重型柴油 22% Nonroad Diesel 非公路用柴油机 16% Locomotives 火车 8.7% Marine 船舶 1.9% Aircraft 飞机 1.4% Nonroad Gasoline 非公路用汽油机 1.0%
Other 1763 OEMs 其余1763个OEM 78.4% Mobile Off-Highway 移动式非公路用
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Other Considerations as Compared to On-Highway 较之公路用法规还有其他的考虑
• Low volume engines and equipment 发动机和设备的产量低 Reduced emissions inventory contribution 对排放的贡献较少 Smaller volume over which to spread costs 能用以分摊成本的产量较少 • Much equipment used primarily in non-urban areas 许多设备在非城区使用 • International business; harmonization is critical
9
Sample Engine Installation － Mobile Off-Highway
非公路用发动机安装示例
Radiator水箱 Trans Cooler 变速箱散热器
Freon Cooler 空调散热器 Hydraulic Cooler 液压散热器 Drivetrain 传动系 Engine 发动机 Cooling System 冷却系 Many suppliers of low Many ratings 规格很多 Limited available space 可用空间受限 volume components Several product families No ram air; fan hp increases 无迎面风,风扇功率 大 低产量部件多家供应 Many families 好些系列 More auxiliary coolers 较多附件散热器 Varied drivetrain High load factors载荷系数高 Dirty environment 环境脏 10 requirements High vibration & impact loads 多种传动要求 高振动和冲击负荷
6
Mobile Off-Highway Emission Regulations Development Activities
移动式非公路用发动机排放法规的制定
California Air Resources Board (CARB)
加州空气资源委员会(CARB)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
8
Sample Engine Installation -- On-Highway 公路用发动机的安装示例
Radiator水箱 Trans Cooler 变速箱散热器
Freon Cooler 空调散热器
Drivetrain 传动系 Standard dimensions标准尺寸 Standard ratios 标准速比 Standard torque limits 标准扭矩限制