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高中英语独立主格结构详解

高中英语独立主格结构独立主格一、独立主格结构的含义和实质“ 独立主格结构” ( absolute construction )由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,结构上与主句不发生关系,因此传统语法叫做“ 独立主格结构” 。

独立主格结构是一种从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,通常在句中起状语从句的作用,独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,用逗号和主句隔开。

在英语中,谓语只能是动词,不是谓语的动词全部改称非谓语动词。

非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。

若不一致,非谓语动词形式需要另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。

这种结构称为“独立结构”。

其中,非谓语动词主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。

独立主格结构在句中作状语,有时也做表语,多用于书面语。

独立主格结构本身不是句子,只是在句子中当作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。

二、独立主格的结构组成独立主格结构可以分为两部分:一部分是名词或代词,起逻辑主语的作用;另一部分是非谓语动词分句(现在分词、过去分词、不定式)或无动词分句(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语),表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。

独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。

例如:基本形式是:名词 / 代词 + 现在分词 / 过去分词 / 不定式 / 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语, with 引导的复合结构。

1 .名词 / 代词 + 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。

例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go out to play basketball..The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.注:“ 独立结构” 中的 being 或 having been 有时可以省去,这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。

2 .名词 / 代词 + 过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。

例The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.Her shirt caught on a nail(As her shirt was caught on a nail), she could not move.3 .名词 / 代词 + 不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。

例 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.These are the first two books , the third one to come out next month.We shall get together at 7:30, the procession (游行) to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名词 / 代词 + 名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。

例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger , a stick his only weapon.5 .名词 / 代词 + 形容词短语形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质,状态,原因等。

例An air accident happened to the plane , nobody alive.He entered the room , his nose red with cold.She did the experiment , the door colsed.I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of sorry.6 .名词 / 代词 + 副词副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。

例 Class over , the students ran out of the classroom.He fell asleep , the radio on.He sat at the table, head down.7. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。

例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm.The hunter entered the forest , gun in hand .Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.8 . with 引导的复合结构 , 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.The teacher came in with several students following behind.With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.With the work done, he went out to eat.He left the office with the lights on.Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.三、学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题1 .独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致从以上例子我们可以看出,含有独立主格结构的句子,前后主语是不一致的,这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。

例 1. Hearing the news, he was very excited.2.Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.在这两个句子里,第一个句子,前后的主语是一致的,都是 he, 也就是说动词hear 的动作发出者是主语he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子;而第二个句子,我们可以发现,有两个主语,第一个是动词 come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语 it ,非谓语动词 coming 和 it 之间没有任何关系,因此它是一个独立主格结构。

2 .在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词还是过去分词一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系,用现在分词。

如: Time permitting, we will go out to play. 一句中, time 和 permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系---“ 时间允许” ,因此用现在分词。

如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,用过去分词。

如:“More time given,we should havedone i t better. ” 一句中, time 和 give 之间的关系是动宾关系,有被动的意思 ---“ 如果被给更多时间” ,因此用过去分词。

3 .独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句独立主格结构不是一个句子,它相当于一个状语从句 , 可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。

例 Work done, John went home. 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句: When the work has been done, John went home.例 There being no buses, we had to walk home. 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句: Because there are no buses, we had to walk home.4 .完成时态的运用在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,常用现在分词的完成时态 having done ,根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。

例 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.His wallet having been stolen, he didn’t know what to do next.一、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。

Such an able man to help you , you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你 , 你迟早一定会成功的。

( such an able man 和 to helpyou 之间存在着主谓关系)= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。

( seating himself at the desk 拥有了自己的逻辑主语 he ,注意是“ 主格” )= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。

( lost 的逻辑主语是 the key , lost也可以用完成式 having been lost )= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A .不定式“ 独立主格结构”在“ 逻辑主语 + 动词不定式” 结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。

这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。

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