以下是新闻英语常用的缩略词（acronym）：1.ABM=anti-ballistic missile（反弹道导弹）2.AIDS=acquired immune deficiency syndrome（爱滋病）（后天免疫力缺乏症）3.ASEAN=Association of South Asian Nations（东南亚国家联盟）（东盟）4.CBRC= China Banking Regulatory Commission（中国银行业监督管理委员会）（中国银监会）5.CEPA= Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement （关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排）6.CIA=Central Intelligence Agency（中英情报局）7.CIS=Commonwealth of Independent States（独立国家联合体）（独联体）8.CISR= China Insurance Regulatory Commission（中国保险监督管理委员会）（中国保监会）PC=China National Petroleum Corporation（中国石油天然气集团公司；中石油）10.CPC=Communist Party of China（中国共产党）11.CPPCC=Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference（全国人民政治协商会议）12.CSRC=China Securities Regulatory Commission（中国证券监督管理委员会）（中国证监会）13.DJI=Dow-Jones Index（道琼斯指数）14.EST=Eastern Standard Time（美国东岸时间）（美国东部标准时间）15.FAO=Food and Agriculture Organization（粮食农业组织）（粮农组织）16.FBI=Federal Bureau of Investigation（联邦调查局）17.GATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（美税及贸易总协定）18.GMT=Greenwich Mean Time（格林威治标准时间）19.HKEx＝Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd .（香港交易及结算所有限公司；港交所）20.HKSC=Stock Exchange of Hong Kong/Hong Kong Stock Exchange（香港联合交易所）（联交所）21.ICBM=Intercontinental Ballistic Missile（洲际弹道导弹）22.ICJ=International Court of Justice（国际法庭）23.ILO=International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）24.IMF=International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金）25.IMF=International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）26.IOC=International Olympic Committee（国际奥林匹克委员会）（国际奥委会）27.IRO=International Refugee Organization（国际难民组织）28.MP=member of parliament（国会议员）29.NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration（美国太空总署）（美国（国家）宇航局）30.NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization（北大西洋公组织织）31.NPC=National Peopl e's Congress（全国人民代表大会）（全国人大）32.OAU=Organization of African Unity（非洲统一组织）33.OPEC=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries（石油输出国组织）（欧佩克）34.PC=personal computer（个人电脑）35.PLA＝People's Liberation Army（人民解放军）36.PLO=Palestine Liberation Organization（巴勒斯坦解放组织）（巴解组织）37.PM=prime minister（首相）38.PR=public relations（公共关系）39.RP=Republic of the Philippines（菲律宾共和国）40.SALT=strategic arms limitation talks（限制战略武器会谈）41.SDI=strategic defence initiative（战略防御措施）42.SEHK = Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd（香港交易及结算所有限公司；港交所）43.SFC=Securities and Futures Commission（证券及期货事务监察委员会）（证监会）44.SFO=Securities and Futures Ordinance（（香港）证券及期货条例）45.SNP＝China Petroleum & Chemical Co.（中国石油化工股份有限公司；中石油）46.TP=traffic policeman（交通警察）47.UFO=unidentified flying object（不明飞行物体）48.UNESCO=United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization （联合国教育科学文化组织）（联合国教科文化组织）49.UNGA=United States General Assembly（联合国大会）50.UNICEF=United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund（联合国儿童基金会）51.UNSC=United Nations Security Council（联合国安全理事会）52.UNTC=United Nations Trusteeship Council（联合国托管委员会）53.VIP=very important person（重要人物）54.WHO=World Health Organization（世界卫生组织）55.WHO=World Health Organization（国际卫生组织）56.WTO=World Trade Organization（世界贸易组织）AAAS: American Association for the Advancement of ScienceAAMA: American Apparel Manufacturers AssociationAATC: American Association of Textile Chemists and ColoristsABB: Activity Based BudgetingABAP: Advanced Business Application ProgrammingABC: Activity Based CostingABM: Activity Based ManagementABMS: Anything But MicrosoftABS: Anti-lock Braking SystemAC: Alternating CurrentACA: Automated Credit AuthorizationACE: American Council on EducationACE: Automated Commercial EnvironmentACIL: American Council of Independent LaboratoriesACV: All Commodity VolumeADA: Americans with Disabilities ActADC: Analog to Digital ConverterADC: Automated Data CollectionADE: Automated Data EntryADEA: Age Discrimination Employment ActADP: Automatic Data ProcessingADSL: Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber LineAESF: American Environmental Science FoundationAFDC: Alternative Fuels Data CenterAFMA: American Fiber Manufacturers AssociationAFUP: Alternative Fuels Utilization ProgramAFV: Alternative Fuel VehicleAIA: Aerospace Industries AssociationAIAG: Automotive Industry Action GroupAID: Agency for International DevelopmentAID: Automatic IdentificationAIM: Application Integration MiddlewareAIMS: Agile Infrastructure for Manufactured Systems (program) ALE: Atomic Layer EpitaxyAM: Amplitude ModulationAME: Association for Manufacturing ExcellenceAMEL: Active Matrix ElectroluminescentAMH: Automated Material HandlingAMI: Acoustic Microscopy ImagingAMI: American Methanol InstituteAML: Anti Monopoly LawAMLCD: Active Matrix Liquid Crystal DisplayAMOLED: Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting DiodeAMPS: American Mobile Phone SystemAMT: Advanced Manufacturing TechnologyAMT: The Association for Manufacturing TechnologyANN: Artificial Neural NetworksANS: Advanced Networks and ServicesANSI: American National Standards InstituteANX: Automotive Network ExchangeAOI: Automated Optical InspectionAP: Accounts PayableAPEC: Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAPI: Application Program InterfaceAPICS: American Production and Inventory Control Society APO: Advanced Planning and OptimizationAPQP: Advanced Product Quality PlanningAPS: Advanced Planning and SchedulingAPS: Advanced Planning SystemsAPS: Active Pixel SensorAPTA: American Public Transit AssociationAR: Accounts ReceivableARC: Auto-Refrigerating CascadeASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian NationsASCII: American Standards Code for Information Interchange ASC-X12: Accreditation Standards Committee (X12)ASIC: Application Specific Integrated CircuitASIP: Application Specific Integrated PassiveASM: Array Surface MountASME: American Society of Mechanical EngineersASN: Advanced Shipping NoticeASP: Application Service ProviderASQ: American Society for QualityASRS: Automated Storage Retrieval SystemsASSP: Application Specific Standard ProductASTM: American Society for Testing and MaterialsATE: Automated Test EquipmentATR: Automated Trouble ReportingATM: Asynchronous Transfer ModeATMA: American Textile Machinery AssociationATMI: American Textile Manufacturers InstituteATO: Assemble To OrderATP: Advanced Technology ProgramATP: Available To PromiseATPA: Andean Trade Preferences ActAV: Audio VisualAXI: Automated X-ray InspectionAVL: Approved Vendor ListBAA: Broad Agency AnnouncementBAM: Bottleneck Allocation MethodologyBAPI: Business Application Programming InterfaceBER: Bit Error RateBFN: Bye For NowBGA: Ball Grid ArrayBIC: Best In ClassBiCOMOS: Bipolar Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor BIOS: Basic Input Output SystemsBIST: Built In Self TestBIT: Bilateral Investment TreatyBLS: Bureau of Labor StatisticsBM: Buffer ManagementBMP: Best Manufacturing PracticesBO: Business ObjectBOD: Business Object DefinitionBOGOF: Buy One Get One FreeBOI: Business Object InterfaceBOH: Balance On HandBOM: Bill Of MaterialsBOM: Business Object ModelBPR: Business Process ReengineeringBTF: Build To ForecastBTO: Build To OrderBTS: Build To StockB2B: Business to BusinessB2C: Business To ConsumerCAA: Clean Air ActCAB: Change Authorization BoardCACM: Central American Common MarketCAD: Computer-Aided DesignCAE: Computer-Aided EngineeringCAFE: Corporate Average Fuel EconomyCAGR: Compound Annual Growth RateCAIV: Cost As (An) Independent VariableCALS: Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle SupportCALS: Commerce At Light SpeedCAM: Computer-Aided ManufacturingCAM: Customer Asset ManagementCAM-I: Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing -- International CAMU: Computerized Assembly Mock UpCAPOSS: CApacity Planning and Operation Sequence Scheduling CARB: California Air Resources BoardCARICOM: Caribbean Common MarketCASA: Computer and Automated Systems AssociationCASE: Computer-Aided System EngineeringCATV: Community Antenna Television (Cable TV)CBD: Commerce Business DailyCBERA: Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActCBI: Caribbean Basin InitativeCBM: Cubic Boron NitrideCBO: Common Business ObjectCBO: Congressional Budget OfficeCBSA: Component Based Solution AssemblyCBT: Computer-Based TrainingCCB: Change Control BoardCCD: Charge Couple DeviceCCM: Color Changing MaterialCCR: Central Contractor RegistrationCD: Compact DiskCDC: Centers for Disease ControlCDE: Common Desktop EnvironmentCDM: Collaborative Development ManagementCDMA: Code Division Multiple AccessCEMS: Contract Electronic Manufacturing ServicesCERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Litigation ActCFAR: Collaboration Forecasting and ReplenishmentCFC: ChlorofluorocarbonCFD: Computational Fluid DynamicsCFM: Continuous Flow ManufacturingCFTA: Canada Free Trade AgreementCG: Consumer GoodsCGI: Common Gateway InterfaceCGM: Computer Graphics MetafileCGMP: Current Good Manufacturing PracticesCHF: Critical Heat FluxCI: Compression IgnitionCI: Continuous ImprovementCID: Charge Injection DeviceCIDI: Compression Ignition Direct InjectionCIDM: Customer-Integrated Decision MakingCINC: Commanders In ChiefCIO: Chief Information OfficerCIPE: Compressed Integrated Product EngineeringCIS: Contact Image SensorCISC: Complex Instruction Set ComputerCISET: Committee on International Science, Engineering and Technology CLASS: Capacity Loading and Operation Sequence SchedulingCLM: Council For Logistics ManagementCM: Contract ManufacturerCM: Change ManagementCM: Configuration ManagementCMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide on SiliconCMRP: Capacitated Material Requirements PlanningCNC: Computer Numerical ControlCNG: Compressed Natural GasCOA: Continuous Ordering AgreementCOB: Chip On BoardCOBRA: Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 CAFC: Container on Flat CarCO: Carbon MonoxideCOB: Close of BusinessCO2: Carbon DioxideCOGS: Cost of Goods SoldCOLD: Computer Output To Laser DiskCOM: Component Object ModelCOO: Cost of OwnershipCORBA: Common Object Request Broker ArchitectureCOS: Class of ServiceCOTS: Commercial Off The ShelfCP: Cost PerformanceCPIM: Certified in Production and Inventory Management CPM: Certified Purchasing ManagerCPPS: Cost Performance Products SectorCPU: Central Processing UnitCQA: Certified Quality AuditorCQE: Certified Quality EngineerCR: Contrast RadioCRADA: Cooperative Research and Development Agreement CRAP: Crummy Resource Allocation ProcessCRC: Cyclic Redundancy CheckCRM: Customer Relationship ManagementCRP: Capacity Requirements PlanningCRP: Continuous Replenishment ProgramCRT: Cathode Ray TubeCRT: Current Reality TreeCSBB: Client Side Browser BasedCSI: Customer Satisfaction IndexCSP: Chip Scale PackagingCSP: Commerce Service ProviderCTE: Coefficient of Thermal ExpansionCTE: Committee on Trade and the EnvironmentCTG: Council for Trade in GoodsCTO: Configure To OrderCTP: Capability To PromiseCVD: Chemical Vapor DepositionCVD: Countervailing DutyDAMA: Design Anywhere Manufacture AnywhereDARPA: Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDAQ: Data AcquisitionDAS: Deputy Assistant SecretaryDAU: Defense Acquisition UniversityDBMS: Database Management SystemDC: Direct CurrentDC: Distribution CenterDCA: Direct Chip AttachDCE: Distributed Computing EnvironmentDCOM: Digital Component Object ModelDCS: Digital Cellular SystemDCS: Distributed Control SystemDDE: Dynamic Data ExchangeDEM: Dynamic Enterprise ModelingDES: Distributed Execution SystemDFA: Design for AssemblyDFAA: Design for Automated AssemblyDFAS: Defense Finance and Accounting ServiceDFB: Distributed FeedbackDFD: Design for DisassemblyDFE: Design For EnvironmentDFL: Demand Flow LeadershipDFM: Demand Flow ManagementDFM: Demand Flow ManufacturingDFM: Design For ManufacturabilityDFS: Distributed Factory SystemDFSC: Design for Supply ChainDFT: Demand Flow TechnologyDFX: Design For XDI: Disability InsuranceDID: Digital Image DecodingDIN: Deutsches Institut fur Normung (German national standards institute) DISA: Defense Information Systems AgencyDLA: Defense Logistics AgencyDLL: Dynamic Linking LibrariesDMA: Digital Memory AccessDMD: Direct Metal DepositionDMI: Digital Migration InterfaceDNC: Direct Numerical ControlDNS: Domain Name SystemDOC: Department of CommerceDOD: Department of DefenseDOE: Department of EnergyDOE: Design of ExperimentsDOL: Department of LaborDOLAP: Desktop OnLine Analytical Processing DOS: Department of StateDOT: Department of TransportationDP: Design PostponementDRAM: Dynamic Random Access MemoryDRC: Design Rule CheckingDRP: Distribution Requirements Planning DSB: Dispute Settlement BodyDSC: Digital Still CameraDSM: Distributed System ManagerDSMC: Defense Systems Management College DSO: Days Sale OutstandingDSOM: Distributed System Object ModelDSP: Digital Signal ProcessorDSRP: Demand Solutions Requirements Planning DSS: Decision Support SystemsDTD: Document Type DefinitionDTP: Distributed Transaction Processing DUT: Device Under TestDVD: Digital Video DiskDW: Data WarehousingDWDM: Dense Wavelength Division MultiplexingEA: Enterprise ApplicationEAI: External Application InterfaceEBR: Electronic Batch RecordEBXML: Electronic Business XMLEC: Electronic CommerceEC: Engineering ChangeECC: Error Correction CodeECM: Engineering Change ManagementECN: Electronic Change NoticeECO: Engineering (or Electronic) Change Order ECR: Efficient Consumer ResponseECR: Engineering Change RequestECRC: Electronic Commerce Resource CenterECU: European Currency UnitEDA: Electronic Document AccessEDA: Electronic Design AutomationEDA: Engineering Design AidsEDGAR: Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and RetrievalEDI: Electronic Data InterchangeEDIFACT: Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and TransportEDM: Electronic Discharge MachineEDM: Electronic Data ManagementEDMS: Engineering Document Management SystemsEEOC: Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionEES: Engineering Execution SystemsEFI: Electronic Freight InvoiceEFT: Electronic Funds TransferEFTA: European Free Trade AssociationEIA: Electronic Industrial AllianceEIC: Earned Income CreditEIS: Executive Information SystemEISA: Extended Industry Standard ArchitectureELV: End of Life VehicleEMAS: Eco-Management and Audit SchemeEMC: Electromagnetic CompatibilityEMI: Early Manufacturing InvolvementEMI: Electronic Magnetic InterferenceEMS: Effective Management SystemsEMS: Enhanced Messaging ServiceEMS: Environmental Management SystemEMS: Electronic Manufacturing ServicesEMU: European Monetary UnionE&O: Excess and ObsoleteEOQ: Economic Order QuantityEPA: Environmental Protection AgencyEPA: Equal Pay ActEPACT: Energy Policy ActEPSCOR: Experimental Program to Stimulate Cooperative ResearchERA: Electronic Remittance AdviceERC: Engineering Reseach CenterERISA: Employment Retirement Income Security ActERP: Enterprise Resource PlanningERS: Evaluated Receipt SettlementESD: Electrostatic DischargeESE: Environmentally Sustainable ElectronicsEST: Environment, Science and TechnologyETBE: Ethyl Tertiary-Butyl AlcoholETO: Engineer To OrderETP: Enterprise Transportation PlanningEU: European UnionEV: Electric VehicleEVA: Economic Value AddedEVM: Earned Value ManagementEU: European UnionEZ/EC: Empowerment Zone/Enterprise CommunityFA: Flexible AutomationFAA: Federal Aviation AdministrationFACTS: Federal Agencies' Centralized Trial Balances System FAM: Fixture Assisted ManualFAR: Federal Acquisition RegulationFAS: Final Assembly ScheduleFASAB: Federal Accounting Standards Advisory BoardFAT: File Allocation TableFBE: Framework Based EnvironmentFBI: Federal Bureau of InvestigationFCA: Flip Chip AssemblyFCC: Federal Communications CommissionFCEV: Fuel Cell Electric VehicleFCP: Finite Capacity PlanningFCP: Flip Chip PackageFCS: Finite Capacity SchedulingFCS: Foreign Commercial ServiceFDA: Food and Drug AdministrationFDI: foreign Direct InvestmentFDM: Frequency Data MultiplexingFED: Field Emission DisplayFEHA: Fair Employment and Housing ActFEM: Finite Elements MethodFEMA: Federal Emergency Management AssociationFHA: Federal Housing AdministrationFHWA: Federal Highway AdministrationFICA: Federal Insurance Contributions ActFIFO: First In, First OutFINCEN: Financial Crimes Enforcement NetworkFIP: Factory Information ProtocolFIS: Factory Information SystemFLSA: Fair Labor Standards ActFM: Frequency ModulationFME: Failing Manufacturing EnterpriseFMEA: Failure Mode and Effect AnalysisFMLA: Family Medical Leave ActFMS: Financial Management ServicesFMS: Flexible Manufacturing SystemFO: FiberopticFOIA: Freedom Of Information ActFP: Finite PlanningFPA: Focal Plane ArrayFPD: Flat Panel DisplayFPDS: Fedeal Procurement Data SystemFPI: Federal Prison IndustriesFPT: Fine Pitch TechnologyFRA: Federal Railroad AdministrationFROG: Free Roaming On GridFRT: Future Reality TreeFRU: Field Replaceable UnitsFSAN: Full Services Access NetworkFSK: Frequency Shift KeyingFSO: Foreign Service OfficerFTA: Federal Transit AuthorityFTAA: Foreign Trade Area of the AmericasFTP: File Transfer ProtocolFTTC: Fiber to the CurbFTTH: Fiber to the HomeFUD: Fear Uncertainty and DoubtFUTA: Federal Unemployment Tax ActFWPCA: Federal Water Pollution Control Act FYI: For Your InformationGAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GaAs: Gallium ArsenideGaN: Gallium NitrideGAO: General Accounting OfficeGATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATS: General Agreement on Trade in Services Gb: GigabitGbs: Gigabit Per SecondGDP: Gross Domestic ProductGEC: Global Economic CommerceGEM: Generic Equipment ModelGEO: Geosynchronous Earth OrbitGHz: Gigahertz or billions of cycles per second GIF: Graphic Interchange FormatGIS: Geographic Information SystemGIS: Graphical Information SystemGMP: Good Manufacturing PracticesGMROI: Gross Margin Return on InvestmentGPRS: General Packet Radio ServiceGPS: Global Positioning SystemGSA: General Services AdministrationGSM: Global System MobileGSP: Generalized System of PreferencesGUI: Graphical User InterfaceHASA: Highly Accelerated Stress AuditHBT: Heterojunction Bipolar TransistorsHC: HydrocarbonHCCD: Horizontal Charge Coupled DeviceHDB: High Density Printed BoardHDD: Hard Disk DriveHDI: High Density InterconnectHE: Harsh EnvironmentHEA: Harsh Environment AutomobileHEC: Hybrid Electric VehicleHEM: Harsh Environment MilitaryHEMT: High Electron Mobility TransistorHFET: Heterostructure Field Effect TransistorHH: Hand HeldHHS: Department of Health and Human ServicesHIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HMD: Head Mounted DisplayHMI: Human Machine InterfaceHMO: Health Maintenance OrganizationHOV: High Occupancy VehicleHP: High PerformanceHPCC: High Performance Computing and Communications HPPS: High Performance Product SectorHPV: High Production VolumeHR: Human ResourcesHRM: Human Resource ManagementHSM: Hierarchical Storage ManagerHTML: Hypertext Markup LanguageHTTP: Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHUD: Heads Up DisplayHUD: Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentIAEA: International Atomic Energy AgencyIC: Integrated CircuitICE: Internal Combustion EngineICSU: International Council For ScienceICT: In-Circuit TextIDB: Inter-American Development BankIDEMA: International Disk Drive Equipment and Materials Association IDIS: Integrated Disbursement and Information SystemIEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETF: Internet Engineering Task ForceIG: Inspector GeneralILEV: Inherently Low Emission VehicleIMCS: Inventory Management and Control SystemIMS: Insulated Metal SubstrateIMT: International Mobile TelephoneIMTI: Integrated Manufacturing Technology InitiativeINFORMS: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences INS: Immigration and Naturalization ServiceI/O: Input OutputIP: Intellectual PropertyIP: Internet ProtocolIPC: Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits IPPD: Integrated Product and Process DevelopmentIPR: Intellectual Property RightsIPS: In-Plan SwitchingIPT: Integrated Product TeamIQR: Inventory Quality RatioIR: InfraredIRI: Industrial Research InstituteIRM: Integrated Resource ManagementIS: Information SystemISDN: Integrated Services Digital NetworkISO: International Standards OrganizationISTEA: Intermodal Surface Transportation ActISV: Independent Software VendorISWG: Interoperability Service Working GroupIT: Information TechnologyITA: Information Technology AgremeementITAC: International Telework Association and CouncilITER: International Thermonuclear Experimental ReactorITRI: Interconnection Technology Research InstituteITRS: International Technology Roadmap for SemiconductorsITS: Intelligent Transportation SystemITSS: Information Technology Solutions ShopITU: International Technical UnionJDAM: Joint Direct Attack Munitions ProgramJEIDA: Japan Electronic Industry Development Association JESSI: Joint European Submicron Silicon InitiativeJIT: Just In TimeJPEG: Joint Photographic Experts GroupKBE: Knowledge-Based EngineeringKGD: Known Good DieKPI: Key Performance IndicatorKW: KilowattKWh: Kilowatt HourLAN: Local Area NetworkLAP: Large Area ProcessingLC: Low CostLCA: Life Cycle AssessmentLCC: Leadless Chip CarrierLCC: Life Cycle CostLCD: Liquid Crystal DisplayLCL: Less Than Container LoadLCOS: Liquid Crystal On SiliconLCPC: Life Cycle Product CostLCTV: Liquid Crystal TelevisionLCPC: Life Cycle Product CostLED: Light Emitting DiodeLEO: Low Earth OrbitLEP: Light Emitting PolymerLEV: Low Emission VehicleLGA: Land Grid ArrayLHC: Large Hadron ColliderLMDS: Local Multi-Point Distribution SystemLNA: Local Noise AmplifierLNG: Liquid Natural GasLPF: Low Pass FilterLPG: Liquid Propane GasLSI: Large Scale IntegrationLTCC: Low Temperature Co-fired CeramicLTL: Less Than TruckloadLVS: Layout Verification SystemsMADE: Manufacturing Automation and Design Exploration (program) MAI: Multilateral Agreement on InvestmentMAST: Manufacturing Analyst for Science and TechnologyMC: Mass CustomizationMCC: Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp. MCIC: Multilayer Ceramic Integrated CircuitMCM: Multi-Chip ModuleMCP: Multi Chip PackageMCS: Manufacturing Control SystemMCS: Multiple Constraint SynchronizationMEMS: Microelectromechanical SystemsMEO: Middle Earth OrbitMEP: Manufacturing Extension PartnershipMES: Manufacturing Execution SystemMESA: Manufacturing Execution System Association MHPA: Mental Health Parity ActMHz: Megahertz or millions of cycles per second MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail ExtensionsMIS: Management Information SystemMITI: Ministry of International Trade and Industry MLC: Multi Layer CeramicMLL: Multi Layer LaminateMMF: Multi Mode FiberMMI: Man Machine InterfaceMMIC: Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit MMS: Materials Management SystemMOS: Metal Oxide SemiconductorMOU: Memorandum of UnderstandingMPS: Master Production ScheduleMR: Magneto ResistanceMRA: Mutual Recognition AgreementMRP: Manufacturing Resource PlanningMRP: Materials Requirement PlanningM&S: Modeling and SimulationMSDS: Material Safety Data SheetMSI: Medium Scale IntegrationMTBA: Mean Time Between AssistsMTBE: Methyl Tertiary-Butyl EtherMTBF: Mean Time Between FailureMTBI: Mean Time Between InterruptionMTO: Make To OrderMTS: Make To StockMTTR: Mean Time To RestoreMSC: MacNeil-Schwendler Corp.Muda: "Waste" in JapaneseMVP: Modular Variable PricingNAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality StandardsNAFTA: North American Free Trade AgreementNAM: National Association of ManufacturersNAPM: National Association of Purchasing ManagementNAS: National Academy of SciencesNASA: National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNEBS: New Equipment Building StandardsNC: Numerical ControlNCMA: National Contract Management AssociationNCMS: National Center for Manufacturing SciencesNDI: Non Development ItemNEMI: National Electronics Manufacturing InitiativeNGO: Non-Governmental OrganizationNHTSA: National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationNIFM: National Institute for Flexible ManufacturingNIH: National Institutes of HealthNIIIP: National Industrial Information Infrastructure Protocol NIS: Newly Independent StatesNIST: National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNMTA: National Machining and Tooling AssociationNO: Nitrogen OxideNOAA: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric AdministrationNPI: New Product IntroductionNPR: National Performance ReviewNRC: National Research CouncilNRC: Nuclear Regulatory CommissionNRLA: National Labor Relations BoardNSB: National Science BoardNSF: National Science FoundationNSIC: National Storage Industry ConsortiumNSTC: National Science and Technology CouncilNTSC: National Television System CommitteeNTR: Normal Trade RelationsOA: Optical AmplifierOADM: Optical Add-Drop MultiplexerOAG: Open Applications GroupOASIS: Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information StandardsOCC: Office of the Comptroller of the CurrencyODM: Original Design ManufacturerODM: Original Device ManufacturerODS: Ozone Depleting SubstanceOE: OptoelectronicsOECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OEE: Original Equipment EffectivenessOEIC: Optoelectronic Integrated CircuitOEM: Original Equipment ManufacturerOFPP: Office of Federal Procurement PolicyOIDA: Optoelectronics Industry Development Association OIG: Office of the Inspector GeneralOLAP: Online Analytical Programs (or Processing)OLE: Open Linking EmbeddingOLED: Organic Light Emitting DiodeOLTP: On Line Transaction ProcessingOMB: Office of Management and BudgetOMG: Object Management GroupONR: Office of Naval ResearchONU: Optical Network UnitOOP: Out Of ProductionOPC: OLE for Process ControlOPT: Optimized Production TechnologyOSHA: Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSIC: Open Supplier Integration CenterOSTP: Office of Science and Technology PolicyOTC: On-Time delivery to Commit dateOTCR: On-Time delivery performance to Customer Request Date OTDM: Optical Time Division MultiplexingOXC: Optical Cross ConnectPA: Power AmplifierPAC: Production Activity ControlPAL: Europe's television standard committeePBA: Printed Board AssemblyPBC: Plated and Bonded CopperPBJA: Plastic Ball Grid ArrayPBT: Persistent, Bioaccumulative and ToxicPC: Personal ComputerPCB: Printed Circuit BoardPCD: Poly Crystalline DiamondPCM: Phase Change MaterialPCS: Personal Communication ServicePCVC: Personal Computer Video ConferencePDA: Personal Digital AssistantPDC: Personal Digital Cordless phonePDP: Plasma Display PanelPDF: Portable Document FormatPDM: Product Data Management。