谈初中写作指导近两年初中升学考试增加了英文写作的题型,这就使初中阶段的英语教学在原来的基础上又加强了英文写作的训练与指导,这一方面的训练不仅能提高学生的综合能力还可以为高中的写作及今后的英语学习打下一个良好的基础。
可以说英语写作是体现一个学生英语综合能力的形式,这个形式的体现与学生本人的词汇量大小;单词、词组和句子的运用能力及逻辑思维能力都有着密切的关系,因此英语写作是反映一个学生英语水平高低的一个重要方面。
听、说、读、写、译是英语学习的五项最基本技能,这五项基本技能是相互联系、相互制约、相互依存、相互促进的。
听和读反映的是语言信息的进入情况,是语言接收技能;说和写则是语言信息的输出形式,是语言的表达技能。
表达是建立在接收基础之上的,只有达到足够的语言输入量,才能有效地围绕所理解和吸收的口头及书面信息从事说和写的练习,由此才能有效地提高综合技能。
初中英语的学习是在培养和发展听、说的同时培养和发展学生的阅读和写作能力,为的是更好地锻炼学生的综合语言技能,提高正确、灵活运用英语的表达能力。
在初中,在对学生进行听说的同时,循序渐进的进行写作的科学训练,对于学生英语的全面学习、掌握和提高是非常有帮助的,那是因为英语学习不是独立的,而是相互制约和相互促进的。
那么是如何分阶段、分层次进行培养和训练的呢?一、在初中一年级对学生进行听说领先的英语教学同时,根据学生已经掌握了的一定的词汇、句型,就可以进行造句的训练。
1.连词成句(1). are, Mary, my, and, friends, good, Wei Hua.(2). from, father, where, his, is?这是最简单的连句子,通过句子后的标点可以帮助学生确定:(1)是肯定句 Mary and Wei Hua are my good friends.(2)是疑问句,有where就是一个特殊疑问句,Where is his father from?更进一步的练习可以不给最后的标点,(1). are, Mary, my, and, friends, good, Wei Hua(2). from, father, where, his, is连出的句子还是Mary and Wei Hua are my good friends.和 Where is his father from? 但是加强了学生思维的训练,也就是要考虑“应该连成什么句型呢?”这就是初始的训练,像(1)似乎可以写出肯定句或一般疑问句,但是单词my的存在提示了不可能向自己提问;(2)中的单词where不仅提示疑问句句式,还明确了是个特殊疑问句。
明显感觉到了需要思考和斟酌,这就是能力的培养。
还可再进一步加大难度,那就是把两句话中的动词去掉,(1). Mary, my, and, friends, good, Wei Hua(2). from, father, where, his因为学生只有一般现在时态的语法知识,因此第一句话仍然是Mary and Wei Hua are my good friends.而第二句话可以有两个结果:Where is his father from?和Where does his father come from? 两句话的意思一样,却能反映出学生理解和运用词汇的能力,使学生在连句子中加强句子结构中谓语动词存在的重要性的概念。
这种循序渐进、难度第进的训练方式可以培养学生的严密思维方式,扎实地打下一个正确、准确写句子的基础。
2.简单的英汉互译看这两句话:(1) 冰箱里有一些肉。
(2) 我有一个姐姐,但我没有哥哥。
这两个句子就是训练学生对“有”句型的判断和区别的能力。
第一句话表示“在某处有某物”,应该用“There be…”句型,不可数名词meat作主语,谓语动词为单数;第二句话表示“人的所有”,要用“ have (have got…”这样的句子,肯定句要使用不定冠词a表一个,否定句要使用not…any的固定搭配,这些都是基本功。
(1)There is some meat in the fridge.(2)I have got a sister, but I have n’t got any brothers.凡是在课本中出现的重要词汇和句型都可通过汉译英的形式进行操练,起到灵活运用、加强理解、巩固语法知识的作用。
3. 句型转换(一般疑问句、否定句、特殊疑问句、同意句转换)第一步是要进行专门的基本功练习,就是将一个肯定句转换成一般疑问句和否定句,在此基础上建立特殊疑问句的构成是特殊疑问词后加一般疑问句的概念(除了特殊疑问词作主语的情况),以此练习画线提问。
学习同意句的转换方法是以背记同意短语或句型为主。
如:(1)There are some books on the desk.Are there any books on the desk?There aren’t any books on the desk.除了需要学生掌握一般疑问句和否定句转换的原则之外,还有其特殊的原则,那就是含有some的“There be …”句型在转换成一般疑问句和否定句时要将some变为any。
如果对其进行画线提问,There are some books on the desk.其特殊疑问句为:What’s on the playground? 需掌握特殊疑问句谓语动词要使用单数,无论答句是单、复数。
(2)I like playing basketball.Do you like playing basketball?I don’t like playing basketball.掌握助动词(do, does)在句型转换中的位置和作用,如果对助动词的用法理解不到位,就会像有些学生常对这样的句子出错一样:My sister does her homework in the evening.错:Does your sister her homework in the evening?正:Does your sister do her homework in the evening?错:My sister doesn’t her homework in the evening.正:My sister doesn’t do her homework in the evening.把形似的助动词当作了句中的谓语动词来使用了,这就是加强初一起始阶段基础知识掌握的很关键、很重要的一步。
3.简单的看图写话这一部分是这样来训练的,无论哪种方式都首先练习写一句话,要求该句是最吻合图面意思,在句子中正确使用一般现在时和现在进行时。
第一步:给出图面,并给出描述图面所需的单词,是连词成句的另一种练习方式。
如:Lucy, write, friend, now, her, to副词now告诉了使用现在进行时态,桌子上的信封和write, to,是要求使用短语write to sb.(给某人写信)的信息,有这些构思就写出了下面的句子:Lucy is writing to her friend now.(Lucy正在给她的朋友写信。
)第二步:给出图面,给出与图相关的一个单词或短语,写出含该单词或短语的一个句子。
如:very early钟表的时间可以准确判断是起床,而不是去睡觉。
使用一般现在时态加入相关的时间状语every day(every morning, in the morning, from Monday to Friday等)就可以连出类似下面的句子。
He gets up very early every day. (他每天起得早)第三步:几句话描述图面。
要求:适用40左右词,按一定顺序来写,语句通顺,句子连贯。
There is a computer, a pen container, a pencil and a book on the desk. The pencil is on the book. The chair is in front of the desk. There is a bag on the chair and there is a cat under it.如果从初一开始对学生进行适当的写作训练,可以促进学生读写能力的全面发展,小小的成就感对提高学生学习英语的兴趣有极大的作用,从长远的角度说这样的基础训练更有利于促进学生英语水平的综合提高。
二、初二的写作训练可集中在看图上,简单的看图填空、回答问题和看图写话,当然像书信、请假条、告示等生活实用的形式也会给予训练。
(1). 看图填词是看图写话的准备A: Look! This is a ____ of my _____.B: Is the old man your _____?A: Yes, _____ is.B: Is _____ your mother?A: No, that’s my _____, my father’s sister.B: Is this _____ mother?A: Yes, _____ is.B: Who is this man? Is _____your father?A: No, he’s my uncle. Uncle John is my father’s_____. This is my father.这是一张全家人的照片,根据对话内容的提示,图中人物的形象、性别和关系,利用描述图片中人物的习惯用语就可以得出以下答案:A: Look! This is a picture/photo of my family.B: Is the old man your grandfather?A: Yes, he is.B: Is that your mother?A: No, that’s my aunt, my father’s sister.B: Is this your mother?A: Yes, she is.B: Who is this man? Is he your father?A: No, he’s my uncle. Uncle John is my father’s brother. This is my father.(2).根据图示,在下面短文的空格上填上适当的词,每空一词。
One day two little_____ had a quarrel about something and fought with each other. Then they went _____ home to their fathers. After a while the two boys _____ again _____ their father along. Soon each man tried to _____everything for_____ own son. So a second quarrel between them started. Now they began to fight each other, and the two boys _____ by watching their fathers fighting. The two men were fighting harder and _____. However, the two boys became_____ again, they were now happily playing stone chess on the ground. Obviously, it was completely unnecessary for the two fathers to come and have a quarrel and fight _____ each other.这副漫画大家都会很熟悉,图面的发展和短文的叙述帮助学生达到很好的理解,10个词中包括了名词的复数(图中的两个男孩子)、动词的过去式和动词不定式、介词(来自短语come with sb. 和fight with sb.)、代词(短语one’s own+ n.的用法)和副词(来自短语go back home和harder and harder)答案:One day two little boys had a quarrel about something and fought with each other. Then they went back home to their fathers. After a while the two boys came again with their father along. Soon each man tried to say everything for his own son. So a second quarrel between them started. Now they began to fight each other, and the two boys stood by watching their fathers fighting. The two men were fighting harder and harder. However, the two boys became friends again, they were now happily playing stone chess on the ground. Obviously, it was completely unnecessary for the two fathers to come and have a quarrel and fight with each other.利用这种适合初二学生水平,和有趣、易理解、令人难忘的图片吸引了学生的兴趣,可以说简单的填充挖空的短文等写作的低级训练,是将来短文写作的基础。