跨文化交际技巧参考答案定义题1、Intercultural communication跨文化交际P3There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication."2、Individualist个人主义P6Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.3、Collectivist集体主义P6Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.4、public behavior /private behaviorPublic behavior is the behavior in public settings, such as in work places, shops and so on. Private behavior is the behavior in private life, such as when you are at home or with your family and so on. Both individualist and collectivist cultures make a distinction between public life and private life. However, individualist Western cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, Westerners tend to believe that having a personal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations.6、Generalizations文化的笼统性P26It’s a neutral word which is a general conclusion drawing from particular examples or evidence.( In any culture group there will be many different beliefs represented, but most of the members of the group will tend in a certain direction. It is this "preponderance of belief," — not uniform acceptance of a given belief — that gives a culture its nature and is the legitimate subject of generalization. People in the same culture share many things in common, such as shared knowledge, shared values, shared perspectives, shared beliefs, shared behavior.)7、Stereotypes老套思路P26It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow.( A way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, and does not acknowledge exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other, equally important aspects of a person's character or behavior. Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second-hand information and opinion, output from the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.)8、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position. On the other hand, however, most modern societies also believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. So each culture needs to find its own balance between hierarchy and equality.1) Westerners generally have less respect for seniority — age, position and so forth — than would be the case in a collectivist culture.2) Western societies often try to limit the power of government officials.3) Westerners tend to have a somewhat suspicious and even negative view of power and authority.9、Culture shock文化冲击P36Culture shock is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.10、Projected cultural similarity P48Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same". People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would.11、Ethnocentrism 民族优越感P59"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own culture as being at the center of the world and identify with one’s in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standards; in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act, and tend to view one’s own cultural values and ways of doing things as more real, or as the ‘right’ and natural values and ways of doing things.12、In-groups and out-groups P70In-Groups: “In-groups”are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation. In-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are concerned, with whom we are willing to cooperate without demanding equitable returns, and separation from whom leads to discomfort or even pain. Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Out-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are not concerned, and groups with whom we require an equitable return in order to cooperate.13、war stories P80The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners.问答题1、What are the similarity and difference between “Projected Cultural Similarity” and “Ethnocentrism”? P48(Ethnocentrism and projected cultural similarity are closely related, but the terms describe somewhat different phenomena. Ethnocentrism is taking one's own culture norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures. Projected cultural similarity is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do.)“Projected Cultural Similarity”定义“Ethnocentrism”定义The similarity: both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation consider their own culture as the center. Difference: PCS: people have the tendency to assume that other people from other cultural back ground basically think and feel more or less the same way as they do.E: people have the tendency to think their culture has the superiority to others’ and assume that their own culture’s way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures’ think and act.2、Do unto others what you would have them do unto you P49先定义Projected cultural similarity要点：1. 先解释do to others what you would have them do to you （己所不欲勿施于人），并且这个行为符合PCS 2. 然后在本文化中，己所欲，施之于人，是一种美德，但是从Projected cultural similarity方面回答一下，因为在跨文化交际中，人们自认为其他不同文化的想的跟自己一样，所以自己觉得好的，对方也会觉得好，其实不然（自己发挥吧）The sentence means that it’s better not to do things to others what you don’t want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena “Projected cultural similarity”. In our cultural system, if you don’t like thing done to you, you just don’t impose on others. It’s a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it is right, too. However, it just doesn’t work out like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everything happened .we can not expect others to think or act the same as we do.3、why would people project cultural similarity？p49问答题先定义Projected cultural similarity(1) projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more or less the same way we do.(2) It is hard for people to imagine a perspective different from their own. It is effected by human nature, people are accustomed to self-centered. when they communicate with foreigners ,they usually assume that foreigners are similar to us(3) As we grow up and learn what is right and wrong，truth and false，normal and abnormal, and so forth, we naturally learn to view the world as our culture views it.The only to solve PCS is communication!4、conformity in western cultures1)”Loose ” cultures do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior.“Tight” cultures ,in contrast, expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the cultures.(2)Chinese culture is tight culture ,and western cultures are loose cultures. So conformity in western cultures is less in Chinese culture.5、What factors lead to /contribute to looseness or tightness in culture？(加些自我发挥) P54 1. The degree of change in the population---the more people move, the more loose and individualist a society tends to be2. The density of the population—small dense societies tend to be collectivist, hence tighter. Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight--melting pot3. The number of choices available in society---the more choices available, the more room there is for individualism6、why does ethnocentrism cause difficulty in intercultural communication?在跨文化交际中，为什么民族优越论会导致很多麻烦？P59先定义ethnocentrismbecause we naturally feel that the ways and ideas of our culture are more natural and correct than those of other culture, we tend to use the norms of our own culture —our idea of what is good/bad, right/wrong, normal /abnormal — as standards when we judge the behavior of people from other cultures. So when we encounter foreigners who behave or think in ways that differ from our cultural norms, we too quickly tend to judge these other ways as strange, wrong, or bad.7、Why are in/out-groups a problem in intercultural communication?在跨文化交际过程中，为什么圈内和圈外造成重大麻烦P70“In-groups” are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation.“O ut-groups” are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations.(1)We generally have more positive feelings toward members of our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more.(2)We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders than to outsiders. We feel it’s right to help insider more …(3)We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders. More generous, to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgmentsSo the ties of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is conflict or misunderstanding.8、How do Chinese people treat in-group and out-group in line with culture back?根据中国的文化背景，中国人是怎样对待圈内人和圈外人的？P77Chinese generally have a high sense of loyalty and obligation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups; however, they feel less obligation to outsiders.Chinese often view outsiders who come to china as guests, and give them much special treatment. In part, this is because Chinese view guests as a kind of in-group and tend to treat in-group members very well.9、Never a borrower or a lender be. P79“Never a borrower or a lender be”, this sentence means that it is best to not lend [money] to other people and to not borrow from other people. When we lend something we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with that other person. To begin with, it is because westerners are in Individualist Cultures. Individualists tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligation to others, whether they are in-groups or out-groups. Secondly, because of their characteristics, their individualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-reliant. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don’t want others to rely on them, either.10、Characteristics of war stories P82 先定义war stories(1)One reason we tell such war stories is to get reassurance that our interpretation of the encountermakes sense.(2)In war stories, we generally portray ourselves as the hero or victim, and we often paint theforeigner as the "bad guy." Because we want to get sympathy from our listeners, we tend to emphasize how unreasonable the behavior of the foreigner was, and how reasonable our own behavior was(3)We generally tell war stories to people who are likely to sympathize with us, usually peoplefrom our own culture rather than outsiders(4)As we tell war stories, we often generalize from one specific experience to groups of foreignersas a whole。