The research was carried out by the assistant.
3.长句
大量使用长句和复合句，严密表达事物之间的逻辑关系
Since the molecules of a gas are much too far from each other to repel or attract each other, it is very easy to compress a gas, while a solid or liquid is almost incompressible, because the repulsions of the electrical charges of which its atoms are made up are far stronger than any force we can apply.
so high that the substance decomposes at its
atmospheric boiling point or the vaporization
temperature cannot easily be reached by steam heat.
To distill such a material, either to free it from
nonvolatile impurities or to separate it into fractions
of differing boiling point, the distillation temperature
must be lowered to a point where the liquid can be
2.谓语动词的语态
科技论著的中心议题：客观存在的事实 →大量使用被动语态，突出所论述的事实。
科技英语中谓语至少三分之一是被动态：用事实说话；略 去行为主体，使句子简洁；语气谦和，更具学术味和逻辑性。
The heat causes the reaction to be accelerated.
More power is likely to be needed during the winter.
Put the following into English：
潜热 动量 可操作性 聚氯乙烯 可逆的 选择性 热塑性的 管式反应器 不饱和的 黏度
科技英语的特点
科技论文的特点
书面文体架构近乎标准化
科技论文的标准格式：
标题
Title
作者
Authors and their companies
摘要
Abstract
The vocabulary of any technical discussions or piece of writing may include words which are never used outside the subject or field in question. If you do not know the subject, you will not understand what is said or written, even if English is your mother tongue. The vocabularies used in science and technology are very large, and in English they include many semitechnical words which are used in unfamiliar ways so that their new meanings must be learned.
引言
Introduction
实验
Experiments
结果与讨论 Results and analysis
结论Βιβλιοθήκη Conclusion致谢
Acknowledgment
参考文献
Refrensce
科技英语语法结构的基本特点
科技文体 专题著作、专题论文、教科书、实验报告、 新闻报道、科普文章、说明书等
特点：写实 学科发展、现状、基本概念、基本原理、定理、推 导、图、表、实验结果、分析讨论、结论、操作步 骤、维护方法、注意事项等
由于气体分子相隔太远，不能互相排斥或吸引，所以气体 很容易压缩，而固体或液体几乎是不可压缩的，因为其原子的 电荷斥力比我们所能施加的力要强得多。 另外太多的短句堆砌会造成单调的感觉。
开始写作时可用短的陈述句把事实说清楚，然后增加句型 的变换，将其中一些句子综合起来成为长句或复合句。
4.句子简练
比较： When they are heated under pressure the constituents fuse
的 阅读、翻译与写作
（概述与回顾）
• Translate the following passage into Chinese:
•
A special distillation problem is
encountered when the boiling point of the material is
together. When heated under pressure the constituents fuse together. Heated under pressure the the constituents fuse together. 用非谓语动词短语和介词短语代替从句
科技英语词汇的基本特点
→语法结构的基本特点
1.谓语动词的时态
一般现在时：描述客观存在的事实、现 象或真理。
Action and reaction are equal and opposite. 一般过去时：叙述过去发生过的事实， 或存在表示过去的时间状语。
Carvendish showed that hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water. 现在完成时：强调过去发生的事实仍对
vaporized without reaching excessive temperatures.
One method of accomplishing this is to operate
under a vacuum.
Put the following into Chinese: alkane convection back-mixing diffusion flux enthalpy fossil fuel gradient humidity isothermal