聚酰胺弹性体的应用及研究进展吴文敬卢先博张勇上海交通大学高分子材料研究所纲要1. 聚酰胺弹性体简介2. 聚酰胺弹性体的研究进展3. 本课题组的相关研究工作4. 结语1. 聚酰胺弹性体简介•热塑性弹性体：聚烯烃类（TPO）、苯乙烯类（SBC）、聚氨酯类（TPU）、聚酰胺类（TPAE）、聚酯类（TPEE）、聚氯乙烯类（TPVC）、聚硅氧烷类（TPSE）•性能优势：力学性能好、具有耐油性、使用温度高•主要厂家：德国Hüls公司（Diamide，现为朗盛收购）、美国Upjohn公司（现为Dow化学公司，Estamid）、法国ATO化学公司（Pebax）、瑞士EMS公司（Grilamid、Grilon）、日本酰胺公司、日本油墨公司、德国Evonik公司（Daiamid, Vestamid E）•生产方式：嵌段共聚、简单共混、动态硫化•嵌段共聚：-[(PA)m-PE-]n-–软段PE为聚醚或聚酯，如四氢呋喃聚醚(PT2MG) 、环氧丙烷聚醚(PPG) 、聚乙二醇(PEG) 、聚己内酯(PCL) 聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚丁二醇、双端羟基脂肪族聚酯等；硬段PA是聚酰胺（共聚尼龙、PA6、PA11、PA12、PA66、芳香族聚酰胺等）–二元酸法：端羧基脂肪族聚酰胺嵌段与端羟基聚醚二元醇通过酯化反应–异氰酸酯法：半芳酰胺为硬段，脂肪族聚酯、聚醚或聚碳酸酯作为软段，半芳酰胺硬段是由芳香族二异氰酸酯与二元羧酸反应得到的•动态硫化（TPV）：PA/rubber–最早由Gessler于1962年提出，并于80年代由Coran等成功开发出PP/EPDM TPV （美国孟山都，Santoprene）–橡胶弹性的实现：共混比，橡胶占主导，熔融共混过程橡胶相发生硫化–热塑性的实现：相反转，硫化橡胶呈分散相–性能堪比共聚型弹性体，某些性能更优–工艺简单，成本低–弹性体品种多：塑料相可为PA6、三元尼龙、共聚尼龙、长链尼龙；橡胶相涉及几乎所有橡胶（EPDM、EPM、NBR、HNBR、ACM、IIR）体育用品电器电子部件机械部件精密仪器的功能部件软管带、医用胶管high strength, high elasticity, good resiliencehigh flexibilityhigh resistance to solvents and chemicals 共混改性剂汽车输油管•聚酰胺弹性体的应用2. 聚酰胺弹性体的研究进展动态硫化、增容、形态演变/NBR/HNBR耐热性、耐油性、相间反应性动态硫化、增容方法、卤化橡胶类型Nylon /EP(D)M动态硫化、增容、形貌--性能辐射交联、动态硫化、耐热性、耐油性/ACM/IIR•PA6/EPDM1–Curing systems, compatibilizer, nylon content–Sulfur (0.5 %), MAH-g-EPR (20 wt%), rubber/plastics ratio (60/40)•PA6/EPDM-g-MA2Tensile deformation &(plastic deformation of nylon phase) relaxation recovery(elastic recovery of rubber phase)•Tensile deformation —gradual stress-transfer mechanism •Nylon ligament thickness distributionNylon phase:local yield ÆelongationÆlocal hardening Ætransfer•Elastic restoring force, elastic recovery •Interconnection of rubber particles by continuous substructure•PA6/NBR3–Curing systems (phenolic, DCP,sulfur)–Rubber/plastics ratio (60/40)–Partial miscibility (by DMA)Phenolic functional groups reactingwith PA6, increasing the viscosity,improving the mixing•PA-6/66 /NBR4•melt flow behavior (blend ratio, dynamic crosslinking, compatibilization)Nylon content Positive deviationIncreasing viscosity•Effect of compatibilizer(CPE)–High interfacial viscosity, hindering the coalescence of dispersed phase –3wt%Æ5 wt%, Interfacial saturation, starting forming micelles in the nylon matrix•Effect of dynamic vulcanization–Crosslink density, stable morphology–C-C linkage > S-S linkage–Higher crosslink density, higher viscosity, higher stresses, more extensive break up of domains•PA-6/66/10 /NBR 5,6–Carboxylation of NBR[5] Chowdhury R, et al.. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2007;104(1):372-7.Figure Isothermal DSC scans for a representative 60 : 40NBR/polyamide composition: (A) 60 : 40 NBR/polyamide;(B) 60 : 40 XNBR (1% OCOOH)/polyamide; (C) 60 : 40XNBR (7% OCOOH)/polyamide.Figure Plausible mechanism of reactive compatibilization of polyamide with carboxylated NBR through in situ amide formation.Tan δtraces•PA-6/66/10 /NBR–Carboxylation of NBRTable Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polyamide/NBR Blends.(A)(B)(C)Figure SEM micrographs of a 60 : 40 NBR/polyamide composition: (A) 60 : 40 NBR/polyamide;(B) 60 : 40 XNBR (1% OCOOH)/polyamide; (C) 60 : 40 XNBR (7% OCOOH)/polyamide.•PA6/HNBR7–Blending ratio–Dynamic vulcanization (peroxide)–Dynamic vulcanization (peroxide)•PA6/HNBR8, 9–Irradiation crosslinking[8] Das PK, et. al.. Polymer International 2006; 55 (1): 118-123.•Nylon MXD6/HNBR10–Cross-linker:2,5-Dimethyl( t-butylperoxy) hexane (0.9 phr), rubber/plastics ratio: 50/50, 70/30, 30/70–Effect of vulcanization, time, temperature,cross-linking degree, blend ratio•PA6/ACM 11, 12, (40/60)–The interaction between PA6 and ACMÆPA6-g-ACM–Epoxy-amine and epoxy-acid reactions[11] Jha A, et al.. Rubber Chem Technol. 1997;70(5):798-814.Figure SEM photos of cryogenically fractured nylon 6/ACM(50/50) blend after extracting the ACM phase by chloroform. X3000Figure Weight percentage of nylon grafted vs. weight fraction of ACM in the blend mixed for 13 min at 220 ℃.without dynamicvulcanizationwith dynamicvulcanizationFigure Increment in mixing torque (L max –L min ) vs. weight fraction of ACM in the blend.•Compatibilization of nylon 6-g-ACMTable Mechanical properties of 40/60 nylon 6/ACM blends.Figure Temperature dependence of tan δand E’of nylon 6/ACM (40/60) blends.•PA6/ACM13, (40/60)•Fillers (CB, silica, clay), plasticizers (DOP, DBP)•Strong interfacial reactionÆPA6-g-ACM•PA6/IIR14–IIR/PA6 (70/30)–CompatibilizerFigure SEM photographs of the composites of IIR (70) and PA (30);(a) Alloy with 10 wt parts compatibilizer and (b) Blend without compatibilizer.Table Physical Properties of Elastic Gas-Barrier Materials•PA12/CIIR15–CIIR/PA12 (60/40), sulfur curative–Dynamic vulcanization, increasing viscosity at low shear rates and dependence of viscosity on shear rateTable Mechanical properties, percentage insolubles, and swelling index values of 40PA/60CIIR blends.•PA12/IIR16–Chemical interactions:crosslinking, grafting–Reactivity: BIIR > IIRTable Percentage of Insolubles in Hexane-Extracted Samples of Polyamide/Butyl or Bromobutyl Blends•PA12/IIR17–Effects of butyl rubber type on properties–The presence and type of halogenTable Effects of rubber type on properties of 40 PA/60 butyl rubber blends. (sulfur curing system)•PA12/CIIR18–Improved solvent resistanceby dynamic vulcanization:a caging effect of the thermoplasticcomponent on the rubber phaseFigure Swelling index and elongation at break for PA/CIIR blends.Table Properties of polyamide/chlorobutyl rubber Blends3. 本课题组的相关研究工作•EPDM/Ter PA TPV–最优配方：EPDM 52、PA 35、EPM-g-MAH 13、硫黄2–硬度85，拉伸强度13.3 MPa，伸长率295 %Fig Scanning electron micrographs of dynamic vulcanized EPDM/nylon TPE fractured under liquid nitrogen and etched by heptane for 24 h: (a) EPDM/nylon (30/70) TPE and (b) EPDM/MAH-g-EPR/nylon (24/6/70) TPE.•EPDM/Ter PA TPV19–增容剂的加入使橡胶粒子更细分散，异相成核作用促进了尼龙相的结晶–增容剂含量变化与对性能影响一致Fig DSC cooling traces (cooling rate of 5°C/min):(a) PA, (b) EPDM–PA (65:35), (c) EPDM/EPR–g–MAH/PA (52:13:35), (d) EPDM/EPDM–g–MAH/PA (52:13:35), (e) EPDM–CPE–PA (52:13:35).Fig Effect of compatibilizer content on TCand enthalpies of crystallization in EPDM–PA TPVs (EPDM + compatibilizer)/PA (65:35).•EPDM/Ter PA TPV20–AFM表征形貌–增容Æ橡胶(亮区)更细分散(a)(b)(a)(c)(b)(d)Figure AFM image of dynamically vulcanized EPDM/EPDM-g-MAH/PA: (a) 65/0/35; (b)58.5/6.5/35; (c) 39/26/35; (d) 0/65/35.•EPDM/Ter PA TPV21–良好增容剂：CPEFig Scanning electron micrographs of dynamic vulcanized EPDM/PA TPV fractured under liquid nitrogen and etched by heptane for 24 hours: (a) EPDM/PA (30/70), (b) EPDM/CPE/PA (24/6/70).•PA1010/EVM blends22–EVM橡胶：尼龙良好的增韧剂Figure Effect of EVM content on the impact strength of nylon/EVM blends.Table Tensile and Flexural Properties of Nylon/EVM Blends.•PA1010/EVM blends–增容：提高增韧效率Figure Effect of EVA-g-MAH content on the impact strength ofnylon/EVM/EVA-g-MAH blends.Table Tensile and Flexural Properties of Nylon/EVM/EVA-g-MAH Blends•PA1010/EVM blendsFigure SEM image of fracture surface of nylon/EVM/EVA-g-MAH blends.(a) nylon/EVM = 100/5, (b) nylon/EVM = 100/20, (c) nylon/EVM = 100/80, (d)nylon/EVM/EVA-g-MAH = 100/20/2.5, (e) nylon/EVM/EVA-g-MAH = 100/20/5.•PA1010/EVM blends23–EVM/EVA-g-MAH RatioTable Mechanical Properties of Nylon/EVM/EVA-g-MAH Blends Table Particle Size and Impact Strength of Nylon/EVM/EVA-g-MAH Blends4. 结语•有关共混型聚酰胺热塑性弹性体的实验室研究已渐趋完善，工业化进程尚待努力•特种橡胶EVM作为橡胶相与聚酰胺制备弹性体，潜力巨大感谢国家自然科学基金委（51073092）给予的巨大支持！。