1.目的是以观念形态存在的潜在的可能性和意欲,不是事实。
这一潜在的可能性或意欲的实现,则是结果。
目的是主观意念,结果是客观现实。
因此,从句若是反映一种意欲、一种可能性,则是目的状语从句;若是一种事实,就是结果状语从句。
试比较:
I’m going to take an early bus so that I’ll get there in time.
我打算乘早班公共汽车,以便及时赶到那里。
(目的状语从句)
I took an early bus so that I got there in time.
I had taken an early bus so that I got there in time.
我乘了早班公共汽车,及时到了那里。
(结果状语从句)
2.目的状语从句表示动机(即一种可能性),并非事实,只是想要达到某个结果的意愿,因而从句中多用假定性的谓语动词。
常有can,may,will,could, might, would, should 等情态动词。
情态动词本身并无词汇意义,只是一种虚拟用法。
结果状语从句表示客观事实,所以用陈述语气的谓语动词,从句中常无情态动词。
试比较:
I always write so carefully that I may make my meaning clear.
我写起来总是字斟句酌,为了让人看懂我的意思。
(目的状语从句)
I always write so carefully that I make my meaning clear.
我写起,来总是字斟句酌,结果把意思讲得一清二楚。
(结果状语从句)
值得一提的是,从句中如果用情态动词could,有时会使得目的和结果的界限模糊。
比如下面这个句子既可表示结果也可表示目的:
He spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him.(结果、目的)
有时,即使从句中用了can,could,should等,它仍是一个结果状语从句。
如:
The room was packed with people,so that we couldn’t get in.
房间里挤满了人,我们进不去。
What have I done that you should be so angry with me?
我干了些什么使你对我如此恼火?
you + should 表“竟然”的意思。
3.目的状语从句与主句的关系紧密,在讲话时一气呵成,而结果状语从句则是句子的外在因素,讲话时往往在主句和从句之间须略加停顿,书写时一般用逗号断开。
试比较:
We all arrived at eight,so that the meeting began immediately.
我们都是八点到达的,结果会议马上就开始了。
(结果状语从句)
We’ll come at eight so that the meeting can begin early.
我们要八点来,以便会议能早点开始。
(目的状语从句)
4.目的状语从句可以移至句首,从而达到进一步强调目的意义;而结果状语从句不可以,只能置于主句之后。
这表明目的从句在句中的位置比较自由,结果状语从句在句中位置一般比较固定。
如:。
So that everyone could hear,they used a microphone.
(= They used a microphone so that everyone could hear.)
为了使人人都能听到,他们使用了扩音器。
I was so tired that I could hardly stand.
我太累了,几乎站不起来。
(不能说:So that I could hardly stand, I was tired。
)So that we should/might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early.
(= We started for the peak early so that we should/might see the sunrise.)
为了看日出,我们一早就出发到山顶去。
5.目的状语从句是句子不可分割的一部分,是句子的内在修饰语(adjunct),['?d???kt]结果状语从句并非句子的有机组成部分,是句子的外围修饰语(disjunction)[dis'd???k??n]。
因此,前者可以成为分裂句的强调中心,而后者却不可以。
如:
It is so that his students can understand well that the teacher speaks clearly.正是为了使学生很好理解,教师才讲得清清楚楚。
不能说: It’s so that he can’t sleep at night that he worries about his son’s health.
只能说: He worries about his son’s health so that he can’t sleep at night.正是因为他担心他儿子的身体,所以他晚上睡不着。