1. Word单词: is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its won.2. Vocabulary词汇: refers to all the words used in a particular kind of work, business, etc. or known to a particular person.3. Morpheme词素: a morpheme is the minimal unit—an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed.Lexicology 词汇学research not only the structure and meaning of words but also their development, including their origin, history, change, their use and learning, and lexicography词典编撰者.4. Free morphemes自由词素：are the morphemes which can be used by itself as a word.如book, wall, dog, bag.5. Bond morphemes粘着词素：are the morphemes that cannot be used by its own as a word, that’s to say, they must combined with other morphemes.如tele-, -tive, -ful.6. Content morphemes实意词素: are the morphemes that carry meaning, also often called open-class morphemes, because they are open to the invention of arbitrary new items.如nouns, verbs and adjectives.7. Function morphemes功能词素: are the morphemes which signal the relations among words. We also called closed-class morphemes, because they are essentially closed to invention or borrowing.8. Derivational morphemes派生词素：are the morphemes that can be added to a word to create a new word. This type of morphemes changes the meaning of the word or part of speech or both. 如the addition of –ness to happy creates happiness which is a noun turned from the adjective happy.9. Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: are create morphemes that express grammatical meaning like tense, number, aspect and so on. 如-d in invited indicates past tense.10. Root词根：is the basic form of word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It carries the main components of the meaning of a word. It can also be defined as the part of a word which remains after all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.11. Free roots自由词根：are the roots can stand alone as words.12. Bound roots粘着词根：are the roots cannot stand alone as words.13. Stem词干: a stem can be defined as a form to which an affix can be added to. A stem is the part of word form, which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.14. Affix词缀：an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a root to form a word.15. An inflectional affix曲折词缀is often a suffix in English that performs a grammatical function and does not change the word class of its root. 如English plural复数–s and past tense –ed are inflectional suffixes.16. A derivational affix派生词缀is an affix by means of which a new word can be formed, derivational affixes may be prefixes or suffixes. 如in English –ness and pre-belongs to the derivational affixes.17. Derivation派生法：is the morphological形态学的process whereby a derivational morpheme is attached to a root or stem.18. the word results from derivation is called a derivative.派生词19. Prefixation前缀法：is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.20. Suffixation后缀法：is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.21. Conversion转化法：refers to the morphological process, whereby a new word is created without adding any affixes to the root or stem, just change the word class of the original word.22. Compounding复合法：is concerned with the combination of two or more words to form a new word.23. abbreviation缩略法：is lexically regarded as one of the minor means in English word-formation.24. clipping截短法: is one way in which we shorten a relatively long word and thereby create a new one without changing its meaning. 如we change the word dormitory by clipping and form the new word dorm which is called a clipped word.25. initialism首字母缩略法: is a reduction process in which initialization in word is used.有两种形式，如LA—Los Angeles; IOU—I owe you.26. acronym首字母拼音法: is a word composed of the initial letters of the words of a phrase and is pronounced as a word. 如LAN—local area network.区别：initialism is pronounced letter by letter；acronym is pronounced whole word.27. blending拼缀法: the process in which some words are formed by joining part of one word with part of another, is a minor, although fashionable, technique for forming new words.如smoke+fog=smog; spoon+fork=spork.缩略词blends28. back-formation逆生法：is a formation of shortening in which the omitted material is or is perceived to be a formative, typically an affix.如housekeeper—housekeep; typewriter—typewrite..29. onomatopoeia拟声法：is one of the minor devices used to form echo/ echoic words related to the imitation of sounds made by human beings, animals and some other things.如ha- ha represent the sound of laugh; boohoo show that someone is crying; bees—buzz.30. reduplication 复制法: is a minor morphological process by which the root or stem of a word, or part of it, is repeated, through which a new compound word is formed either by doubling an entire word of part of a word .如bow-wow; Bye-bye; ding-dong.31. denotation指称：is the set of potential references of a word in a particular meaning.32. reference所指: is the actual subset referred to in a utterance. is often used in a more restricted sense, as a name for the particular ―things‖ that a word refers to in a particular utterance.33. sense语义: is a relationship which is internal to the language system. It is what can be simply called the meaning of ―meaning‖.34. the different between sense and reference is that every word has meaning has sense but not every word has reference.35. denotational meaning指称意义：refers to the relationship between a linguistic sign and its referent.36. non- denotational meaning非指称意义：37. connotative meaning 内涵意义：of a word is the meaning over and above its denotitional meaning.38. affective meaning情感意义：express the speak er’s attitude or emotion.39. stylistic meaning文体意义：refers to varying degrees of formality and status of words in the language.40. collocative meaning搭配意义: consists of the association a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment, part of the word meaning is closely related to the words it co-occurs with.Meaning development词义的发展：when the new meaning developed does not change the category the original meaning belongs to.Meaning shift词义的转换：the new meaning of a word is obtained by rhetorical devices and the meaning shifts from the literal to the figurative.41. generalization词义的扩大：which is also known as the enlarging, widening, extension, expansion, or broadening of meaning.如butcher，old meaning is one who killed goats，extended meaning is one who killed animals.42. specification词义的缩小：known as the opposite of generalization，is the narrowing or restriction of meaning.如room，old meaning is space，narrowed meaning is a part of the inside ofa building.43. amelioration词义的升格：is the process by which a word’s meaning improves or becomes elevated, coming to represent something more favorable than it originally referred to.如minister, old meaning is servant, elevated meaning is head if the government department.44. pejoration词义的降格：is the process by which a word’s meaning worsens or degenerates, coming to represent something less favorable than it originally did. 如villain, old meaning is person who worked in a villa, degenerated meaning is evil or wicked person or scoundrel.45. old meanings: we mean some meanings which either totally disappeared from the word or are no longer active in use. The lost meanings are called the obsolete meanings, and the old-fashioned meanings are archaic meanings. 如point, obsolete meaning is physical condition. Remember, archaic meaning is to remind.47. radiation放射性：is a process of meaning change in which there is a multiplication in the senses of a word. That is, all the new meanings developed are depended of each other.48. concatenation连锁性：is a process in which the second meaning of the word develops from the primary meaning, while the third meaning does not start from the primary meaning but from the second meaning, thus the third meaning has little to do with the primary meaning.Sense relations are the relations held between words within the vocabulary.49.synonymy同义关系：is the relationship of lexical units which involves the similarity of meaning如tube—subway.同义词是synonyms.50.antonymy反义关系：is the relationship of words which involves the oppositeness meaning. Types of antonyms: complementary antonyms互补反义词(are those in an either/ or relation of oppositeness.如male and female)；gradable antonyms等级反义词(represent a more/ less relation.如short and long.); converse antonyms逆向反义词(are considered to be a kind of directional opposite.如above and below)；multiple incompatibilities antonyms多项不相容词(如东南西北).51.polysemy多义关系:is a relationship that holds between different senses of the same word. The meanings are related to each other. 多义词polysements.52.homonymy同音异义关系：are the relationship which refers to a situation where we have two or more words with the same linguistic form.homonyms are words which are identical in pronunciation and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in meaning.Homonyms with the same sounds and spellings are termed homonyms proper同音同形异议词.E.g. Bear ―a large strong animal‖ and bear ―to bravely accept or deal with a painful or unpleasant situation‖.Homonyms which are the same in sound but different in spelling are homophones同音异形词. E.g. sew ―to use a needle and thread to joined pieces of cloth together‖ and sow ―to plant or scatter seeds on a piece of ground‖.Homonyms with the same spellings but different sounds are homographs同形异音词.E.g. minute ―one of the 60 parts into which an hour is divided‖ and minute ―extremely small‖.of the same category，but different spellings，e.g. the verbs ring and wring.Of different categories, but with the same spelling, e.g. the verb keep and the noun keep.Of different categories, and with the same spellings, e.g. not, kont.53.hierarchical relations等级关系：54.hyponymy上下以关系：is a relation of inclusion. Daffodil is a hyponym of flower. If something is a daffodil, it must be a flower because the meaning of flower is embedded in daffodil. So we say that daffodil is a hyponym of flower, and conversely, that flower is the superordinate of daffodil.A is hyponymy of BC is hyponymy of AC is also hyponymy of B55.taxonymy分类关系: is often regarded as a sub-type of hyponymy.An X is a kind of Y.X is the taxonomy and Y is the superordinate. So if X is a taxonomy of Y, the result is normal:A rose is a type of flower.A pear is a kind of fruit.。