摩纳哥中英双语介绍HistoryThe early history of Monaco is primarily concerned with the protective and strategic value of the Rock of Monaco, the area’s chief geological landmark, which served first as a shelter for ancient peoples and later as a fortress. From the 1200s to the early 1400s, the area was contested for primarily political reasons; since that point, excepting a period of French occupation from 1789 to 17 May 1814, it has remained steadily under the control of the House of Grimaldi.Designated as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon’s defeat, Monaco’s sovereignty was confirmed by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. The Prince of Monaco was an absolute ruler until a constitution was promulgated in 1911. In July 1918, a treaty was signed providing for limited French protection over Monaco. The treaty, written into the Treaty of Versailles, established that Monegasque policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests. Prince Rainier III acceded to the throne following the death of his grandfather, Prince Louis II, in 1949. A new constitution, proclaimed in 1962, abolished capital punishment, provided for female suffrage, and established a Supreme Court to guarantee fundamental liberties. In 1993, Monaco became an official member of the United Nations with full voting rights. In 2002, anew treaty between France and Monaco clarifies that if there are no heirs to carry on the dynasty, the Principality will remain an independent nation rather than revert to the French. Monaco’s military defence, however, is still the responsibility of France. Prince Albert, Marquis of Baux took over the royal duties on 31 March 2005 because his father Prince Rainier III was too ill to exercise his royal functions. On 6 April 2005 Prince Rainier died and Prince Albert succeeded him as Albert II of Monaco. Prince Albert II of Monaco formally became the ruler of Monaco on 12 July 2005.历史摩纳哥早期的历史是与具有守卫及战略意义的摩纳哥之石联系在一起的，那是该地区主要的地理标记，起先是作为原始人的躲避之地，后来成为军事要塞。
从13世纪到15世纪早期，该地区成为各种政治力量争夺的对象。
从那以后，该国一直在格里马尔迪（Grimaldi）家族的统治下，除了1789年到1814年5月17日间曾被法国占领。
拿破仑战败后，1815年的维也纳会议确立摩纳哥为撒丁王国的一个保护国，直到1861年的弗朗哥-摩纳哥条约签订，摩纳哥的主权才被确立。
根据1911年颁布的宪法的规定，摩纳哥的王子具有绝对的统治权。
1918年7月，一项条约被签订，要求法国给予摩纳哥一定保护。
该条约被写进凡尔赛公约，规定了摩纳哥的政策必须与法国的政治、军事、经济利益一致。
1949年，雷尼尔三世亲王同意继承其祖父路易斯二世亲王的王位。
1962年，新的宪法颁布，其中废除了死刑，赋予女性选举权，并确立了最高法院具有保障基本自由的权利。
1993年，摩纳哥以全票通过成为了联合国正式成员。
2002年，法国和摩纳哥签订了新的条约，申明如果该国没有继承人继承王位，那么它还是一个独立的主权国家，而不归属于法国。
但是，摩纳哥的军事防御还是由法国负责。
2005年3月31日阿尔伯特二世王子（Prince Albert, Marquis of Baux）由于他的父亲兰尼埃三世长期卧病在床，所以开始负起监国的任务。
2005年4月6日兰尼埃大公身故，阿尔伯特大公即位，成为阿尔伯特二世。
阿尔伯特二世亲王自2005年7月12日正式成为统治者。
GeographyThe Principality of Monaco or Monaco is located between the Mediterranean Sea and France along the French Riviera or Côte d"Azur (The Blue Coast). Monaco is on the Mediterranean coast, 18km east of Nice and near the Italian border, and is surrounded on three sides by France. It is the most densely populated independent country in the world. It is one of the European microstates. It is the second-smallest country in the world (after the Vatican City).It consists of a narrow strip along the coast at the bottom of the foothills of the Alps and its highest point is "Le Rocher" at 140m. Monaco is divided into seven sections or quarters (quartiers): Monaco-Ville, the capital, the old city on a rocky promontory extending into the Mediterranean; La Condamine, the section along the port; Monte Carlo, the principal residential and resort area with the casino; Fontvieille, a newly constructed area reclaimed from the sea; Moneghetti, on the western border with Cap d`Ail; Larvotto - Tenao includes the beach area to the east of the principality. Saint Roman is the easternmost tip, bordering the Tenao.地理摩纳哥侯国或摩纳哥位于地中海和法国之间，沿着法国里维埃拉河Côte d"Azur (蓝色海岸)。
摩纳哥在地中海沿岸，尼斯以东18公里，靠近意大利边界，被法国三面环绕。
它是世界上人口最密集的独立国家，也是欧洲小国之一。
它仅次于梵蒂冈，是世界上面积第二小国。
摩纳哥由阿尔卑斯山脚下狭长的丘陵状海岸线组成，其最高点是"Le Rocher"，海拔140米。
摩纳哥分为七个部分：首都摩纳哥，延伸至地中海海角上的岩石城，沿港口的La Condamine，主要的居住区和游览胜地蒙特卡洛，新开垦的Fontvieille，西面和Cap d`Ail毗邻的Moneghetti，包括侯国东面海滩地区的Larvotto - Tenao。
圣罗马是最东面地区，和Tenao接壤。
Political SystemMonaco has been governed as a constitutional monarchy since 1911, with the Prince as head of state. The executive branch consists of a Minister of State (the head of government), who presides over a four-member Council of Government (the cabinet). The Minister of State is a French citizen appointed by the Prince from among candidates proposed by the French Government. Under the 1962 constitution, the Prince shares his power with the unicameral National Council (parliament). The 24 members of this legislative body are elected from lists by universal suffrage for 5-yearterms. The principality’s local affairs are directed by the Communal Council, which consists of 15 elected members and is presided over by the Mayor.政治体系1911年开始摩纳哥成为君主立宪国家，亲王作为国家元首。