1.虹口区2018学年第一学期期末教学质量监控测试This article is for all of the teenagers out there.Even though__41__you are years from being fully grown,society regularly expects you to adult.Yes,you are__42__in many ways: many of you drive and do so quite safely,and you handle schedules that would__43__many adults.But you probably cannot process caffeine(咖啡因)as constantly as your parents can because of your still-growing bodies and brains.I understand it feels grown-up to be drinking a cup of Starbucks.But all of this caffeine may worsen your anxiety,affect tonight’s sleep and tomorrow’s school performance,__44__nutrient absorption and even cause real trouble when mixed with alcohol.The following four aspects may well__45__the theme of this article.The power of caffeineCaffeine is widely considered a drug that is socially acceptable,universally used,even cool, but it still causes__46__symptoms such as headaches,fatigue and a lack of attention when removed from coffee-addicts’diets.How much is healthy?Caffeine is by no means a nutrient;you do not need it to be healthy.__47__,it is a substance that can leave you lacking nutrients because it has been shown to reduce calcium(钙).Caffeine probably causes the body to release water.And the more caffeinated drinks you consume,the less likely you are to drink water.So experts say that adolescents should consume__48__amounts of caffeine a day(≤100mg).Caffeine’s__49__According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,about65percent of middle and higher schoolers are__50__to insufficient sleep on school nights.Some of their sleep problems can be mainly attributed to(归因于)caffeine,which can remain in the body for seven hours after __51__,thus causing teens’worse performance the next day.It is widely assumed that adequate sleep__52__proper growth and brain development.During childhood and adolescence,the brain goes through a period called synaptic pruning(突触修剪)when unnecessary connections are promoted.Caffeine labellingCaffeine is not listed on the Nutrition Facts column on food labels because it is not a__53__. It may be listed as an ingredient,but the amount is not required.Caffeine is now added to foods such as gum,candy and water,along with makeup and beauty products that__54__to reduce swelling(肿块).Taste preferences and eating habits are often cultivated in childhood and adolescence,so teens,when you consume sweet,caffeinated drinks every time you feel sluggish(无精打采的), you are creating a pattern that may be hard to break as an adult.It is advisable to come up with other__55__ways to boost energy so that you can master adulting better than many adults.41. A.potentially B.necessarily C.developmentally D.materially42. A.mature B.experienced C.productive D.disciplined43. A.delight B.frustrate C.liberate D.exclude44. A.promote B.assist C.intensify D.discourage45. A.call for B.account for C.turn to D.appeal to46. A.withdrawal B.addiction C.nutrition D.infection47. A.Therefore B.Instead C.Moreover D.Otherwise48. A.initial B.sufficient C.moderate D.stable49. A.reputations B.confirmations C.implications D.disadvantages50. A.subjected B.alerted C.reduced D.opposed51. A.stimulation B.concentration C.excitement D.consumption52. A.results from B.contributes to C.benefits from D.attends to53. A.therapy B.material C.nutrient D.substitute54. A.fail B.appear C.promise D.happen55. A.instructive prehensive C.extensive D.alternative 2.2018学年第一学期奉贤区调研测试“Nature and Nurture”People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviour are formed. However,it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is(41)_______.Social scientists are of course(42)______interested in these types of questions.They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviour.There are no clear answers yet,but two(43)_______schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other,and there is a great deal of debate between(44)______of each theory.The controversy（争论）is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”.Those who(45)______the“nature”side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behaviour patterns are(46)_____determined by biological factors.That our environment has little, if anything,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behaviour is(47)______to this theory. Taken to an extreme,this theory states that our behaviour is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our(48)_______.Supporters of the“nurture”theory,or,as they are often called,(49)______,claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.A behaviorist,B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almost completely (50)_______by their surroundings.The behaviorists’view of the human being is quite mechanistic.They state that,like machines,humans respond to(51)______stimuli(刺激)as the basis of their behaviour.Socially and politically,the consequences of these two theories are(52)______.In the US, for example,blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.This leads some “nature”supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites are. Behaviorists,(53)_____,say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy,and that, as a result,they do not develop the same(54)______that whites do.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour.As a matter of fact,it is quite (55)_____that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.41.A.sensitive B.productive petitive D.aggressive42.A.moderately B.extremely C.reluctantly D.scarcely43.A.distinct B.reliable C.relevant D.equal44.A.objectors B.operators C.opponents D.advocates45.A.claim B.support C.resolve D.inheritpletely rgely C.thoroughly D.merely47.A.sensitive B.open C.central D.subject48.A.abilities B.capacities C.personalities D.instincts49.A.experts B.scientists C.environmentalists D.behaviorists50.A.shaped B.prioritized C.oppressed D.restricted51.A.environmental B.biological C.genetic D.psychological52.A.temporary B.slight C.fatal D.far-reaching53.A.on the contrary B.as a whole C.after all D.for instance54.A.habits B.responses C.characteristics D.advantages55.A.necessary B.impossible C.unreasonable D.likely3.宝山区2018学年第一学期期末The search for new,clean energy sources has occupied the attention of scientists and politicians for years.One common41for green energy is the wind.A new twist on this old resource could cause the energy output of wind-power plants to increase greatly.Standard wind-power plants rely on strong support and42can only reach a height of 200meters or so.Higher than that,winds tend to be stronger and steadier,but the challenge is43how to obtain the energy from those winds.Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences in Germany have formed a kite-power research group.The group is working to develop kites with inflatable（可充气的）wings44to electrical generators(发电机)on the ground.The research group's goal is to design a kite that can operate on its own for24hours. Research has begun,but many challenges remain,including making the generators more45and perfecting the automatic flight control and the structure of the kites.Nevertheless in June2012, they demonstrated that their kites could operate46at an altitude of up to700meters.Meanwhile,in Italy,researchers are working on a(n)47power generator that relies on kites when the generator called KiteGen,senses the wind blowing,kites are48from the ends of poles with high-resistance cables to control their height and angle.These cables are able to move the kites if the system senses coming objects49planes,helicopters or even individual birds.The kites themselves are light,tough and able to reach fairly high altitudes.They loop（绕行）around in the wind,which sets the center of the generator in motion,50electric current.KiteGen has the51to be very cost-effective in the long run.After the original cost of designing and setting up the plant,little52investment will be necessary,apart from standard maintenance.The plant also requires53little space,which makes it ideal for cities and means that multiple plants can be set up to provide even more54.Kite power has the potential to greatly55on current wind-power strategies.In the future,it may be an efficient,cost-effective supplement to the other sources of energy we use,or even a replacement for some of them.41.A.resolution B.proposal C.resource D.substitute42.A.generally B.frequently C.continually D.regularly43.A.carrying out B.figuring out C.breaking out D.picking out44.A.chosen B.applied C.collected D.connected45.A.efficient plete C.powerful D.positive46.A.actively B.passively C.automatically D.artificially47.A.strange B.similar C.different D.original48.A.fastened B.revealed C.tailored D.released49.A.except for B.instead of C.such as D.due to50.A.producing B.inventing C.promoting D.developing51.A.qualification B.potential C.trend D.intention52.A.normal B.formal C.additional D.alternate53.A.concretely B.abstractly C.thoroughly D.relatively54.A.energy B.strength C.technology D.opportunity55.A.focus B.extend C.improve D.transfer42.A.contributions B.confusions C.feedbacks D.consequences43.A.pilots B.reservations C.costs D.accidents44.A.historically B.enormously C.fundamentally D.domestically45.A.retested B.implemented C.prospected D.reengineered46.A.travels B.developments C.flights munications47.A.disorders B.gains C.bans D.restrictions48.A.happen B.fail C.aim D.promise49.A.taxes B.effects C.viewpoints ments50.A.flooding B.rotting C.repairing D.transferring51.A.standard B.efficiency C.distribution D.consumption52.A.consider B.avoid C.maximize D.demonstrate53.A.greater B.different sting D.direct54.A.airports B.products C.contracts D.replacements55.A.sneezing at B.responding to C.resulting in D.recovering from。