英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words）
一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words）
1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词
基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what
l Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。
例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：
l Herein：in this。此中，于此。
例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。
l Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连用。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。
l Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。
l Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that. 其它的。Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。
例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices a nd products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto. “特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。
l Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。
l Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。
例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period o two years thereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。
l Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect.在那里；在那点
上；在那方面。
例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。
l Therewith：with that.以此；此外。
例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。
l Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc. 凭此协议，凭此条款等。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and BB Company (hereinafter referred to as Party B) whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本协议由AA公司（以下简称甲方）和BB公司（以下简称乙方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。（本句中省略未译）2．WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All Men by these presents，In witness Whereof, In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned.
WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore用于英文合同前言部分，In witness Whereof用于合同结尾证明部分，在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。
l In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此为证，特立此证。
例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____ (date) accepted on _____ (date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受该文件，特此为证。
l NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 兹特立约为据, 本句话也是用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。
例句：NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：
l KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根据本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）
例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”) in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，（银行名称），其注册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对本银行及其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。
l Undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,前面加定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称。例句：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following
transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。
3．Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite. 即使，尽管。
例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing. 尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。
4．As
合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：
l As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。
例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof. 基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。
l 另有Except as otherwise provided结构，表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。例句：Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。
l As构成as the case may be（视具体情况而定），as the case may require（视具体要求而定）和as the Venturers may determine等短语。
例句：The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。
l As构成as of the date of ____ (date)短语是英语合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表达。
例句：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written. 合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效，特此为证。
l As还用在as soon as practical短语中，意义用法相当于as soon as possible. 例句：During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter. 本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。As与such连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不在赘述。
5. foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in question
l Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。
例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in ____________. Both language versions are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。
l In question; under consideration; being talk about.通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“这”或“该”问题。
例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。
6. follows, as below, the following
这一族都表示“下列”，一般放在动词后，而the following作为“下列”在英文合同中用的较少。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。
NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows;
为此，双方达成契约，约定如下：
NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.
为此，双方约定如下：
Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows:
兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：
7. according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with
这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最为常见。
例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。
又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。
再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。
8. Including but not limited to与including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation
英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。
例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。
9. prior to, no later than, on or before，on and after
prior to, on or before，no later than, on or after常用在英文合同中限定日期，prior to 表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no(not) later than,表示“不迟于”，On and after表示“从某日起”。
例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20. 自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.
我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。
例如：Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December.本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。
例如：10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。
此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。
例如：This credit expires till January1 (inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or: This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为till and not including January 1。
10．Without prejudice to
Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。
例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。
11．Attributable to,due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on account of，considering, in consideration of
这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因为”，其中due to，owing to，because of较不正式，很少使用。
国际商务合同古体词详解
Part I: Adverbs in Law Documents
1 Hereby
Hereby: by means of; by reason of this
特此，因此，兹等意，常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。
例1
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between __________ Co. ( hereinafter referred to as Party A ) and __________ Co. ( hereinafter referred to as Party B ) on ________ ( Date ), in ________ ( Place ), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.
Chinese version for reference:
本合同双方，_________公司（以下称甲方）与_________公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于____ 年____ 月_____ 日在中国_______ （地点），特签订本合同。
例2
The Parties to this Contract, in the spirit of friendly cooperation, hereby signed and concluded this Contract in accordance with the following terms and conditions:
Chinese version for reference:
双方本着友好合作的精神，特签订本合同，其条件如下：
例3
The Housing Administration Department of Beijing Diplomatic Personnel Service Company (hereinafter to be referred to as Party A) and ______ (hereinafter to be referred to as Party B) hereby entered into and concluded this Lease Contract as follows:
Chinese version for reference:
北京市外交人员服务公司房屋管理处（以下称甲方）与______ （以下称乙方）订立租赁合同如下：
2 Hereof
Hereof: of this 关于此点，在本文件中。
例1
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organizations as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.
Notes:
1) foreign trade dealers 外贸经营者
2) legal entities 法人
Chinese version for reference:
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例 2
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his
duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.
Chinese version for reference:
仲裁员因回避或者其他原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。例3
The Attachments to this Contract shall be deemed a part hereof and shall be effective as any other provision hereof.
Notes:
1) The Attachments to this Contract 本合同的附件
2) shall be deemed a part hereof 应被视为本合同的一部分
3) any other provisions hereof 其他条款
Chinese version for reference:
本合同的附件应被视为本合同的一部分，与其他条款有同样效力。
3 Hereto
Hereto: to this至此，对此。
例1
This Contract shall be in duplicate, to be held by each of the Parties hereto and shall have two copies kept by each of the Parties hereto for the record.
Chinese version for reference:
本合同一式两份，合同双方各执一份，并各保留两份复印件，供双方存档。
例2
The scope of Works of this Contract shall be specified in such Drawings and bills of Quantities as are attached hereto.
Notes:
1) The scope of Works工程范围
2) Bills of Quantities 工程量表
Chinese version for reference:
本合同工程范围应按所附的图纸及工程量表中规定的范围。
例3
In the event that there shall be newly increased items of Work, the Parties hereto shall enter into an agreement for the unit price of such items.
Notes:
1) In the event that 如果
2) newly increased items of Work新增加工程
3) the unit price of such items该项新增工程的单价
Chinese version for reference:
如果需新增加工程，双方应另行协定该项新增工程的单价。
4 Herein
Herein: in this 此中，于此。
例1
The term “company” mentioned herein refers to a limited liability company or a company limited by shares established within the territory of China in accordance
with this Law.
Notes:
1) herein: in this Law在本法中
2) this Law: Company Law of the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国公司法
3) a company liability company 有限责任公司
4) a company limited by shares股份有限公司
Chinese version for reference:
本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。
例2
The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract).
Chinese version for reference:
除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。
例3
The procedures contained herein shall be followed by the concerned agencies of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), responsible for the implementation of the Bank-supported projects.
Notes:
1) The procedures contained herein: 本文件中规定的程序
2) the concerned agencies: 有关机构
3）the implementation of the Bank-supported projects执行世界银行贷款项目
the Bank: the World Bank
Chinese version for reference:
执行世界银行贷款项目的中华人民共和国各有关机构，均遵循本文所规定的程序。
5 Hereinafter
Hereinafter: later in the same Contract以下，在下文。一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复。
例1
In accordance with the Law of t he People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between ___________ Co. ( hereinafter referred to as Party A) and ___________ CO. ( hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.
Notes:
1) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures: 中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法
2) articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）
Chinese version for reference:
根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由___________公司（以下称甲方）与
___________公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。
例2
When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”) apply to reorgan ize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.
Notes:
1）Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures : 中外合资经营企业
2) Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures：中外合作经营企业
3）foreign-owned enterprises：外资企业
Chinese version for reference:
已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下简称外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利记录。
例3
The following words and expressions in the Contract (as hereinafter defined)1 shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them, except where the Contract otherwise requires2.
Notes:
1）except where the Contract otherwise requires: 除根据合同另有要求者外Chinese version for reference:
以下合同（如下文定义）1中的用语和用词，除根据合同另有要求者外2，应具有下述所赋予它们的涵义。3
6 Therein
Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect. 在那里；在那点上，在那方面。
例1
“Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in or abou t the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.
Chinese version for reference:
临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。
例2
A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.
Chinese version for reference:
借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。
例3
The Contractor shall, with due care and diligence, design (to the extent provided for by the Contract), execute and complete the Works and remedy any defects therein under the provisions of the Contract.
Chinese version for reference:
承包人应根据合同的各项规定，以应有的细心和勤勉，设计（在合同规定的范围内）、施工和完成工程，并修补工程中缺陷。
7 Thereof
Thereof: of that, of it它的，其。
例1
The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof of the Contract.
Notes:
1) headings: 标题
2) marginal notes: 旁注
3) deem: consider视为，认为
4）construction: interpretation解释
Chinese version for reference:
合同条件（条款）中的标题及旁注不应视为条件（条款）的一部分，在合同条件（条款）或合同本身的解释中也不应加以考虑。
例2
Arbitration: All disputes in connection with the Contract or arising in the execution thereof shall first be settled amicably by negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached, the case under dispute may then be submitted for arbitration.
Chinese version for reference:
凡有关该合同或因执行该合同而发生的一切争执，双方应以友好的方式协商解决，如协商不能解决，可提交仲裁。
例3
“Time for Completion” means the time for completing the execution of and passing the Test on Completion of the Works or any section or part thereof as stated in the Contract (or as extended under Clause 44) calculated from the Commencement Date.
Notes:
1) Time for Completion: 竣工时间
2) Test on Completion of the Works: 竣工验收（检验）
3) Commencement Date ：开工日
Chinese version for reference:
“竣工时间”指合同规定从工程开工日期算起（或按第44条延长工期）到工程或其任何部分或区段施工结束并且通过竣工检验的时间。
8 Thereafter
Thereafter: after that 此后
例1
The Contractor shall, during the execution of the Works and thereafter, provide all necessary superintendence as long as the Engineer may consider necessary for the proper fulfilling of the Contractor’s obligations under the Contr act.
Chinese version for reference:
只要工程师认为是为正确履行合同规定的承包人义务所必需时，承包人应在工程施工期间及其后，提供一切必要的监督。
9 Thereto
Thereto: to that 向那里
例1
“Contract Products” means the produ cts specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvement and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.
Chinese version for reference:
“合同产品”，系指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进发展的产品。
10 Therewith
Therewith: with that 以此；此外
例1
The Contractor shall be deemed to have inspected and examined the Site and its surroundings and information available in connection therewith and to have satisfied himself
Chinese version for reference:
承包人应被视为对现场、其周围环境及其有关可利用的资料已进行了视察和考察。
Part II. Terminology
1 Whereas
Whereas: considering that 鉴于，就……而论（法律用语）
例1
Whereas the first Party is willing to employ the second Party and the second Party agrees to act as the first Party’s Engineer in Bamako, it is hereby mutually agreed as follows:
Chinese version for reference:
鉴于甲方愿意聘请乙方，乙方同意应聘为甲方在巴马科（工程）的工程师，合同双方特此达成协议如下：
例2
Whereas Party B and Party A have en tered into this Contract to install Party A’s air-conditioning equipment, the Parties hereto do hereby agree as follows: Chinese version for reference:
鉴于乙方与甲方订立本合同，安装甲方的空气调节设备，双方同意如下：
2 In Witness Whereof
Whereby：In Witness Whereof：作为所协议事项的证据，这个短语常常在合同结尾条款中使用，可译为“特此立（证）据”，“以此立（证）据”等；
In Testimony Whereof：以此为证，特立此证；
Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc.凭此协议，凭此条款等。
例1
In Witness Whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed on the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws. Notes:
the day and year first before written: 上面所（签）订日期
Chinese version for reference:
本协议书于上面所签订的日期，由双方根据各自的法律签订，开始执行，特立此据。
例2
In Testimony Whereof, we have hereto signed this document on _______(day/month/year).
Chinese version for reference:
我方于___年____月____日签署本文，特此证明。
例3
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object.
Chinese version for reference:
买卖合同是出卖人转让标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。
3 Know All Men by These Presents;
Undersigned; Now Therefore
Know All Men by These Presents: 根据本文件，特此宣布；
Undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者，前面加定冠词the, 是指文件签署者的自称；Now Therefore: 特此，因此等。这个短语一般接whereas 之后，引出具体协议事项的常用开头词，并与其后的hereby 连用，译“兹”，“特此”。
例1
Know All Men by these presents that we_(bank’s name)__ having our registered office at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto_(the Owner’s name)_ (hereinafter called “the Owner”) in sum of ______ for payment wel l and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.
Notes:
1）registered office : 注册办公地点
2）be bound unto: 对……有义务
3）well and truly: 确实地
Chinese version for reference:
根据本文件, 兹宣布, 我行, (银行名称), 其注册地点在(注册地名) (以下称银行), 向(业主名称) (以下称业主) 立约担保支付(金额数) 的保证金。本保证书对银行及其继承人和受让人均具有约束力．
例2
The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:
Chinese version for reference:
兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。
例3
And Whereas we have agreed to give the Contractor such Bank Guarantee; Now Therefore we hereby affirm that we are the Guarantor and responsible to you, on behalf of the Contractor, up to a total of_(amount of guarantee) ____(in words)___, such sum being payable in types and proportions of currencies in which the Contract is payable.
Notes:
(1) Guarantor: 保证人, 担保人
(2) in words: 用文字书写金额
(3) the types and proportions of currencies : 货币的种类和比例
Chinese version for reference:
本银行（或金融机构）已同意为承包人出具保证函，我们因此同意作为保证人，并代表承包人以支付合同价款所规定的货币种类和比例，向你方担保总金额为(大写) 的保证金。
action 行动诉讼
alienation 疏远转让
assign 分派转让
avoidance 逃避宣告无效consideration 考虑对价，约因construction 建筑解释defence 防卫抗辩（理由），被告determination 确定终止discovery 发现调查证据dishonour 耻辱拒付
distress 危难扣押货物
equity 公平衡平法，股份execution 执行（合同等的）签订infant 婴儿未成年人
limitation 限制时效
omission 省略不作为，不行为prejudice 偏见损害satisfaction 满意清偿，补偿specialty 专长盖印合同
subject matter 主题标的物