华 中 师 范 大 学本 科 生 课 程 论 文论文题目Pragmatic Analysis on Person DeixisFrom the Perspective of Anti-pre-emptive in Chinese and English完成时间 2013年6月10日课程名称 《语用与交际》授课教师_______________________专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业年 级 2010英语双学位辅修Pragmatic Analysis on Person Deixis From the Perspective of Anti-pre-emptive in Chinese and EnglishAbstract：Deixis is one of the most important issues in pragmatics’ research. Deixis possesses the characteristic of pre-emptive usage ,but this pre-emptive usage is limited conditional, and in some special context and stylistic will disappear,then anti-pre-emptive appears.Therefore, this paper, taking person deictic expressions as example, attempts to make an in-depth probe into and analysis of the anti-preemptive phenomenon in Chinese and English and the pragmatic effects of anti-pre-emptive of person deixis.Key worlds：person deixis;anti-pre-emptive摘要：指示现象是语用学研究的重要课题之一。

指示词具有先用性的特点，但是这种先用作用是有条件限制的，在一些特殊的语境和语体中会随之消失，即出现反先用现象。

本文主要以人称指示语为例，对英汉中的反先用现象以及人称反先用现象的语用效果做进一步的探讨和分析。

关键词：人称指示语；反先用现象I.IntroductionIn linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information.Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place. Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning – for example, English pronouns – are deictic.Deixis is a technical term which means “pointing” via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing”is called a deictic expression. It is used to indicate the function or property that certain words, such as personal and demonstrative pronouns, place and time adverbs and others have in language.Due to different aspects of reference being made and the functions to serve, deixis is divided into five types. They are person, time, place, discourse, and social deixis. Levinson contends that deixis generally words in an egocentric way. That is, unless otherwise stated: The central person is the speaker, the central time is the time at which the speaker produces the utterance, the central place is the speaker’s location at utterance time or CT, the discourse center is the point which the speaker is currently at in theproduction of his utterance, and the social center is the speaker’s social status and rank, to which the status or rank of addressees or referents is relative.(Levinson 1983:64).[1]The deictic reference and they are alleged to constitute a statement of the implications of discourse often depend on the context and the speaker's beliefs or intentions; therefore, the deixis’research is playing an important role in pragmatics.The pre-emptive usage of deixis is put forward by Levinson (1983) .He considered that what pre-emptive nature of deixis is time deixis is taking precedence over the corresponding phenomenon of d irective words usage, but he did not depth explore this phenomenon. Until 1990s, Chinese scholar Zhang Quan took note of this phenomenon and carried out deep research. He puts forward the anti-pre-emptive, which is referring to that d irective words are taking precedence over deixis words usage. However, their study was limited to the pre-emptive and anti-pre-emptive of time deixis, nor a systematic explanation of this phenomenon.The paper will analysis on the phenomenon of anti-pre-emptive on person deixis.[4]There are many phenomenons of the anti-pre-emptive deixis. This paper will mainly analyse on the phenomenon of anti-pre-emptive on person deixis from perspectives of the theory of anti-pre-emptive, the phenomenon of anti-pre-emptive on person deixis and the pragmatic effects of anti-pre-emptive of person deixis.II Theretical Framework2.1Person deixisPerson deixis concerns itself with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, (1) those directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addressee), (2) those not directly involved (e.g. Over-hearers—those who hear the utterance but who are not being directly addressed), and (3) those mentioned in the utterance.[4] In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The following examples show how. (The person deictic terms are in italics, a signaling notation that will continue through this article.)I am going to the movies.Would you like to have dinner?They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.2.2 Pre-emptive phenomenonThe pre-emptive phenomenon of deixis refers to when someone mentions person,things, objects,time and place in deixis domains of the speech activities, people often tend to use deixis words to express. These deixis may be rejected thewords of other non-directive within the same meaning of the words in psychological, The repulsion in the indicated context often has priority when used. For example, the speaker of a speech events taking place is Mike, the time is on May 10, 2008, usually the speaker will say”today I have five classes”, not saying”on May 10 Mike has five classes”. If you really say that the hearer intuitive reaction is on May 10 is not today, Mike is not the speaker and refers to somebody else. Therefore, in this example , the person deixis “I” and the time deixis”today” have pre-emptive usage.2.3A nti-pre-emptive phenomenonSince the impact of pre-emptive, the participants of speech events usually refer to the person,things, objects,time and place in deixis domains. Using nominal expression reference refers to the person and things outside the deixis domains. If we use the nominal expression reference refer to the person, things, time,and place in deixis domains, the hearer will come into being the repulsive impact in psychological. Thus that is usually not appropriate, however, in some special context and body language, there still be a non-directive language replaced to the original words which can use the reference domains such as people, things, time a nd place , people will call it anti-pre-emptive phenomenon, that the pre-emptive usage is disappear.[4]2.4 The influence factors of anti-pre-emptive phenomenonAnti-pre-emptiveness of deixis results from such factors as lack of deictic information, psychological activities of participants in speech event and so on.2.4.1 The context and style factorsUnder the condition of some missing contexts, person deixis is using by anti-pre-emptive. For example, in the beginning of the session which has not been determined the speech activist’s identities and among non-face to face special context, it was particularly obvious in English. For example phoning, English idioms is “This is ... speaking”, when someone knocked the door, the response is “who is that”.In a particular style, the person deixis will react the anti-pre-emptive phenomenon. The openness features of pure person deixis determine that wanting to ensure the person deixis need to rely on the special context. Therefore, many style of written language such as declarations、letters and so on will appear the anti-pre-emptive phenomenon. For example, in court, even the plaintiff lawyer asked the defendant face to face is also used the anti-pre-emptive of the person deixis, “请问张先生案发当时在什么地方?”, but the anti-pre-emptive doesn’t the authoritarian of official language. In order to achieving some pragmatic effects, we often use the anti-pre-emtive in informal style. For example“张三我今天把话搁这里了！”2.4.2 P sychological factorsThe anti-pre-emptive of psychological factors influences the verbal communication of the language users. Generally, it considers their own feeling and participants’psychological reaction. Comparing the first person”I”、the second person(you)、the third person(he or she) deixis，you will discover that the first person and the second person is the necessary components of speech acts, that is the speaker and the addressee(s). However, the third person isn’t the necessary components of speech acts, that refers to neither the speaker nor the addressee(s). Obviously, the third person is outside the indicator area, there are expending from the center outward expansion. Therefore, from first-person to third person, the effects of pre-emptive is diminishing, the effects of anti-pre-emptive is increase progressively.Thus, when the speaker into the speech event, the per-emptive of the first、second deixis can close the psychological distance of verbal user. Whereas the third person is distancing. Finally, when the speaker want to close the distance, the third person deixis appears the anti-pre-emptive phenomenon.2.4.3 Social-cultural FactorsSocial and cultural factors impact on the anti-pre-emptive which is realizing in surnamed name, kinship terms and i dentity appellation and so on, reflecting the affect relations and power relationship. There is the claim and kinship terms among Cjinese referring systems in ancient in order to express the special cultural of the close family values. For example，when parents speak to the child will use the child appellation”daddy”“mommy”. The anti-pre-emptive phenomenon is obvious in expressing the scale and the power. Someone has small power or low scale who uses the method of anti-pre-emptive for large power or high scale, addressing adverse’s position “chairman”“director” etc.In addition, individual differences is one of the factors of impacting the pre-emptive phenomenon, for example children phrase. The children often speak to someone in claim themselves, such as that the child says to parent “娇娇喜欢哪个娃娃”.III. Pragmatic Analysis on T he anti-pre-emptive Usage of Person Deixis3.1 From person deixis’ three constraints seeing its anti-pre-emptive3.1.1The status of person deixis in indicative domain:There is different of the status of person deixis in indicative domain, the repulsive of them(rejecting the anti-pre-emptive of equivalent language ) is not different. “I”refers to first person, “you”refers to second person, “he or she”refers to thirdperson which is expending from the center outward expansion in the status of person deixis domain. “I”refers to terminological nomination of its same reference, its psychological repulsion is biggest, the constraints of the anti-pre-emptive is strongest. The concrete of “I”in language activities is very definite, thus the speaker doesn’t use “I” directly, whereas taking the roundabout way to use the terminological nomination words, which will make addressee(s) inexplicable on the contrary. Please compare below example:[5]e.g.1: 我今天去图书馆了。