1）现在分词的时态：现在分词本身不能表示具体的时间概念，其动作发生的时间只能是相对于谓语动作发生时间相对而言的。
这一点和不定式用法相同。
A)现在分词的一般式：doing表示分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生。
或是谓语动作发生时，分词的动作正在发生过程中。
如：Looking back, I found she was washing clothes.She smelt something burning.(smelt发生在burning的过程中。
)她闻到有东西烧焦了。
She sat on the chair, reading a novel.B)现在分词的完成式：having done表示现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
Having worked for 2 hours, we had a rest.Not having received his letter, we all felt worried.2)现在分词的语态：现在分词用主动还是被动，决定于它的逻辑主语。
如果现在分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的执行者，用主动。
反之，用被动。
如：Entering the room, I found Tom watching TV.I knew the man sitting under the tree.(the man是sitting的逻辑主语，而且是分词动作的执行者，故分词用主动。
)I found the car being washed.3)现在分词的逻辑主语：A)如果分词在句子作定语，其逻辑主语就是被修饰的名词。
如：a developing country. 一个发展中的国家，boiling water 沸水，rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳a running boy=a boy who is runningB)如果分词在句子作表语，其逻辑主语通常就是句中的主语。
如：The story was interesting.The match is exciting.C)如果分词在句子作宾语补语，其逻辑主语就是句中的宾语。
如：He kept the boy singing.I found his playing on the playground.D)如果分词在句中作状语，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。
如：Walking on the road, he was whistling.他一边走路，一边吹着口哨。
Not knowing what to do.His uncle died,leaving him a lot of money.注意：分词作状语时，有时其逻辑主语不是句子的主语。
此时，分词需要自带逻辑主语。
其形式为“名词/代词+现在分词”，构成独立分词结构。
也可在名词前加上介词with或without。
如：(With)his wife cooking in the kitchen, he was reading in the living room.a waste of timeno good/no useIt +be+ little/hardly any use + V-ing分词not/hardly worthworth/worthwhile如：It's no use complaining.It's no good smoking a lot.It's a waste of time doing such a thing.nono sense in（没有道理）There +be+ no point in（毫无意义）+V-ing分词no use inNothing worse than(没有比...更糟糕的)如：There was no knowing what he was doing.There is no point (in) doing so.这么做，毫无意义。
经常跟在it +be后面的形容词，然后接动名词作实际主语的形容词还有：Odd古怪的Crazy疯狂的Hopeless无望的NiceFunny好笑的Foolish愚蠢的interesting Tiring累人的better terrible Enjoyable愉快的Pointless无意义的如：Excuse me interrupting you.I enjoy reading newspapers.I suggest you should practise speaking English every morning.注意：有一类动词后即可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟-ing分词作宾语。
可以把这类动词分为三种类型：1）两种形式意义基本相同。
2）两种形式略有差别。
3）意义完全不同。
A）两种形式意义基本相同的动词有：attempt, begin, cease(停止), continue, intend, start, commence(开始).如：She started to cry/crying.What do you intend to do/doing next?你打算接下来做什么？He continued to work/working.B)两种形式意义略有差别的动词主要有：hate, like, dislike, love, prefer等。
如：I like playing basketball.I hate to trouble you.I prefer to go for a walk.I prefer singing songs.C)后跟不定式和-ing分词时，意义完全不同的动词有：remember, forget, regret., try, mean, chance(碰巧),cannot help...等。
它们后面跟不定式表示动作还未发生，而跟现在分词表示动作已经发生。
如：I regret to do this thing.I regret doing such a thing.Mean to do 表示打算，意欲做某事：而mean doing表示“意味着，意思是”如：I mean/plan to buy a house.Fighting means killing.Chance to do表示碰巧做某事；而chance doing表示冒险做某事、碰运气试着做某事He chanced to meet his old friend in the street.He chanced taking part in that race.Cannot help to do表示不能帮忙做某事;Cannot help doing表示情不自禁，不由得做某事如：I cannot help to do homework for you.I cannot help laughing.4.作介词宾语除了我们已经谈到的“疑问词+不定式”可以作介词宾语外。
通常情况下，只能用-ing分词作介词的宾语。
但个别表示“除了。
之外”的介词如“except, but, than”通常接不定式。
如：I can do nothing except/but wait.后面跟-ing分词作介词宾语的短语结构主要有：A)“动词+介词+动名词”I am used to sleeping on the floor.(习惯于。
)I am looking forward to meeting you.The rain stopped us from working.She objected to marrying him(反对)B)“形容词+介词+-ing分词”I am interested in playing basketball.Tom is responsible for breaking the glass.C)"名词+介词+动名词"There are many ways to do it/of doing it.He didn't go out for fear of raining.-ing分词的惯用搭配有：A)主语+have+fun/pleasure/a good time/trouble/difficulty+(in) doing sth 如：We had a lot of fun (in) playing basketball.I have trouble/difficulty(in) understanding him.B)“There is+difficulty/trouble/pleasure+(in) doing sth”如：There is difficulty in passing the exam.There is trouble in learning a foreigh language.C)“be busy+(in) doing sth”I am busy in doing my homework.D) “What about/How about +-ing分词”（征求意见句型。
怎么样）What/How about having a cup of tea?How about playing basketball with me?如：We went boating yesterday.5.作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前a running boythe girl standing there （分词短语作定语，故置于所修饰名词之后）并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句如： a boy who is runninga girl who is standing there注意：某些现在分词作定语时，已不再表示动作，已经从分词变为了形容词词性。
如：an interesting story，an exciting match 。
这些也可以属于现在分词作定语，但是不能转化为相应的定语从句。
但是可以有三级变化（原级、比较级、最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰。
6.作宾语补语只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补１）感官动词或心理状态的动词：see，hear，watch，feel，notice，observe，find，listen to，look at２）表示致使意义的动词：make, have，get，catch，leave，keep, let注意：但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to 的不定式作宾补）eg.I saw him singing now.和I saw him sing in the house.注意：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。