英语国家概况名词解释VOA: It’s the abbreviation of the voice of America.It’s the American official international broadcasting. Station and it was established in 1942. It was controlled by the American government and subordinate to the American international communi cation. Bureau. VOA’s headquarter is located in Washington and it has 16 broadcasting stations. It’s programs are broadcasted by 41 languagesBBC: it’s the abbreviation of the British broadcasting corporation. It was established in1922, and it was moved and operated in 1927. It was financed by the government and it’s managed by the Minister of Posts and Telecommunication. And its program is broadcasted by 39 languages. It is also financed by the payment from all people who possess TV setsABC: it’s the abbreviation of the American Broadcasting Company.NBC: it’s stands for the National Broadcasting CompanyCNN: It’s the abbreviation of the Cable News NetworkQuality Newspaper:It’s one of the 2 types of British Newspapers. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph all belong to this kind ofnewspaperTimes: It’s a very famous weekly magazine in the USA.It was founded in 1923. It has 5.5 million copies.Five Great lakes:These are the most important lakes in America,extending about 1600km and forming a section of the boundary between the United States and Canada. The Great Lakes include Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.Mississippi river:it is the second longest river, after the Missouri,in the United States and it is the largest river system in North America.The Severn River:it is the longest river in the UK,is 338km in length,beginning in Wales flowing through the Midlands of England and emptying into the Atlantic Ocean near BristolThe Mackenzie Ri ver: the major river in Canada.It’s 4241km long.Nickname of British people: John Bull. It’s originated from a book named History of John Bull.Nickname of American people: Uncle Sam.Boxing Day: it’s on the first work day after Christmas. This festival is celebrated in order to show the respect to those people sending newspaper and milk everyday.Constitutional Monarchy: Constitutional Monarchy: it’s the Political System of U.K. It was established at the end of the 17th century. The Monarch is hereditary, she or he reigns but does not rule the country, and it takes no part in policies. The monarch is just the symbol and the representative of the interest of people.Cabinet of Britain: the head of Cabinet of Britain is the Prime Minister, and the members of the cabinet are nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the MonarchParliament: Its headquarter is the Palace of Westminster. And it is divided into House of Loads and House of Commons. House of Load’s President called The Load Chancellor. It has the load temporal, the load spiritual and law loads. The House of loads sits in the south part of the Palace of West Minster.And the President of the House of Commons is called The Speaker. It sits at the Northern Part of the Palace of Westminster.Conservative Party: it was founded in 1833. It was originated from the Tory Party, it’s the party of right, and it represents monopolists’ interest.Labor Party: it was founded in 1900. After 1922, Labor party tool place the Liberal Party,becoming one of the two major parties in the UK. It’s a Bourgeois Party,socialism and nationalization.The prime Minister: the Prime Minister is the leader of UK Government. He lives in NO.10 Downing Street.The Prime Minister is the leader of the Party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons; he serves as the chief executive of the Government and performs the executive functions of the United Kingdom.White Hall: It’s the name of a street but it is the symbol of the U.K Government. It is the administrative center of the Britain,the official Building of the Prime Minister.Constitution of America: it was adapted in 1787. On Sept.17.1787, came into effect in 1789.it is the first comparatively complete written, constitution in the world. It consists of one short preamble, 7 articles and 26 amendmentsElection of the UK: it’s held every 5 years. Controlled by two major parties, it has 659 constituencies in2001 and 646 constituencies in 2005Congress: Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government. Law-making and supreme legislative body of the nation. It is divided into the senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 100 V oting members, 2 from each state. And the House of Representatives has 435 membersPentagon: It’s the official building of the USA National Defense Department, it is located in the Washington .D.C. It was attacked by terrorists in 2001.9.11CIA: It is the abbreviation of Central Intelligence Agency. It is the Executive office of the PresidentFBI: It’s t he abbreviation of the Federal Bream of Investigation. It is subordinate to the Department of JusticeAbraham Lincoln:He was the first president of the Republic Party in the U.S.A. And he was also the leader of the Civil War. He abolished theSlavery Policy. But was assassinated unfortunatelyFranklin Roosevelt: He is one of the most famous presidents in the U.S.A. He played an initial important role in the Great Depression in the 20th century. He saved the economic crisisThe War of Independence: It occurred in 1775, and in 1776.7.4. The Declaration of Independence was passed by the Continental Congress, which symbolizes the Independence of the U.S.A.The Civil War: It was led by Abraham Lincoln and it occurred in 1861. It was ended by the victory of Northern Army and then the Slavery Policy was abolished.Election of America: It was held every 4 years. The president candidates have to make speeches, debate and compete for more votes. If one of the president candidates has more than 270votes, he will win the election and he will make a speech again on the20th.January the next yearWhite House: it’s the settlement of the President and it’s situated in Washington. D.C.Democratic Party:it was founded in 1828.It’s symbol is Donkey Thomas Jefferson, is a famous president in Democratic Party.Republican Party:it was founded in 1854. The symbol is elephant,it’s a more conservative Party. Lincoln is the first republican president in 1860The Open University of UK:a degree granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through TV. Radio, produced books and so on. It opened in 1969, and was intended to give opportunities to adults who had been unable to take conventional higher education.The Boat race: it was a result of a challenge issued to Oxford by Cambridge in 1829.A Level of GC5: A level of General Certificate of Educationanswer two of the following questions.1.Talk about the two systems of secondary education in Great Britain. Selective system and comprehensive systemSelective system: is an old unreasonable system. It’s now totally abolished. The Eleven Plus: the result is very importantIt contains The grammar school, Technical schools and Secondarymodern schoolscomprehensive system was established before 1960.It is a given district, regardless of their background and intelligence system.O students graduated from it can gain a level of the General Certificate of Education (GCE), in 16 or 182.What are the three main principles for the political system of USA?1.Federalism2.The Separation of Powers3.Respect for the Constitution and the rule of law3.What is the procedure of making-laws in America?1. The first houseIntroduce a bill or legislative proposalSent to an appropriate legislative committeeThe recommendations of the bill are reported to the house by the committee (the House of Representatives and the Senate are divided into small groups which take care of special matters such as education or foreign affairs. )2. The second house do the same thing like the first house3. Goes to the White House for presidential actionWhat is the procedure of making-laws in Britain?A bill will begin in the House of Commons, After the period of three readings in the House of Commons, the House of Lords does the same and finally it goes to the Queen for her signature.3 readings:The 1st reading: introduce a billhe 2nd reading: the bill is read in detail, a vote is taken by the whole House, the bill is sent to a committee for a detailed examinationThe 3rd reading: short debate before the whole house5.What is quality newspaper in Great Britain?Quality Newspaper were Founded before 1896And Contain political, industrial, financial and cultural news in the U.K. and international news as well.Their Characteristic Lengthy articles and have an undramatic design.What are the features of British newspaper?British newspapers are characterized by freedom of speech, freedom of the press.What are the features of American newspaper?The United States newspaper features is rich in content, do not belong to any political party and lots of advertisements.8.How many types of higher educational institutions are there in America? What are they?1. Two-year college: community collegeMaster’s degree2. Four-year college: college of arts and scienceBA : Bachelor of ArtsBS : Bachelor of ScienceDoctor’s degree3. Universities: comprehensive and complexDoctor’s degree9.What are the two features of the old universities in Britain?Oxford University: 1167 , artsCambridge University: 1284, scientific studiesCollege System 学院制Tutorial System 大学导师制What are the common features of the Canadian educational system?Free schooling available throughout Canada from kindergarten (age 5) to grade 12(grade 13 in Ontario and grade 11 in Quebec).School attendance is compulsory from the age of 6 or 7 to 14 or 16.The elementary schools include kindergarten through grades 6 to 8. Secondary or high schools provide instruction up to grades 9 or 10 or 12.The provincial governments have the power in the field of education. The thirteen education systems are established by 13 legislatures of the provinces and territories. The 13 educational systems are unique in their own ways.第三大题，explanation一.VOA：voice of American，1942，founded by government, American International Communication Bureau, Washington, 16 broadcasting stations,（广播站）41 languages.BBC；the British Broadcasting Corporation, 1922, 1927, the governmentand the Minister of Posts and Telecommunication, 39 languages, financed by payment from all people who possess TV sets。