吉林大学考博英语2011年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Section Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：10，分数：5.00)1.The government allocated a special sum of money in order to reinforce the prosecution of the effective policy.（分数：0.50）A.practiceB.proceedingeD.implementation2.The patient"s unusual symptoms confounded even the most experienced doctor of the hospital.（分数：0.50）A.confusedB.hitC.stimulatedD.confronted3.Forests are delicate systems that if disturbed can be permanently destroyed.（分数：0.50）A.expansiveplexC.unusualD.fragile4.The Charter had been ratified by a majority of the participants who were the ones that asked for its draft.（分数：0.50）A.challengedB.approvedC.distributedD.attacked5.As the guests entered, the elderly hostess welcomed them with cordiality .（分数：0.50）A.refreshmentsB.sincerityC.happinessD.enthusiasm6.He spends a lot of time going through football magazines, making intricate lists, and working out comprehensive statistics.（分数：0.50）A.detailedB.misleadingplicatedD.ambiguous7.You don"t have to be afraid of being eaten there in New Zealand because it has few predatory creatures.（分数：0.50）A.wildB.preyingC.nativeD.poisonous8.Probably there is a good reason for her absence, as she doesn"t usually stay away from work.（分数：0.50）A.ConspicuouslyB.ProspectivelyC.IncidentallyD.Presumably9.You are not supposed to take advantage of such a little girl by making her work for 50 cents an hour.（分数：0.50）A.exploitB.exportC.exposeD.exchange10.Students of the Berry School for Mountain Children helped pay for their education by doing part-time labor that pertained to their particular course of study.（分数：0.50）A.result inB.began withC.paid forD.was related to三、Part B(总题数：20，分数：10.00)11.Even though formidable winters are the norm in the Dakotas, many people were unprepared for the ______ of the blizzard of 1888.（分数：0.50）A.inevitabilityB.ferocityC.importanceD.probability12.While nurturing parents can compensate for adversity, cold or inconsistent parents may ______ it.（分数：0.50）A.exacerbateB.neutralizeC.eradicateD.relieve13.In certain forms of writing, the central point of a message can be effectively communicated even though this point is not ______.（分数：0.50）A.preferredB.explicitC.inferableD.discerned14.When the plane was hit by the enemy"s bomb it made a ______ dive and plunged into the ocean.（分数：0.50）A.vigorousB.verticalC.visualD.virtual15.The final document was of course, supposed to mend the damage ______ upon the world by the war.（分数：0.50）A.imposedB.impressedpelledpressed16.The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.（分数：0.50）B.on occasionC.at randomD.on average17.I left for the office earlier than usual this morning ______ traffic jam.（分数：0.50）A.in line withB.for the sake ofC.in case ofD.at the risk of18.Because it is too hot in that storehouse, the ______ of those fruits seems to be inevitable.（分数：0.50）A.deteriorationB.detractionC.detrimentD.detention19.A report submitted to the People"s Congress in this year ______ recommended a concerted national effort to crackdown corruption and bureaucracy.（分数：0.50）A.officiallyB.emphaticallyC.respectfullyD.delightedly20.The murder charge against Beckwith has been ______ for lack of evidence.（分数：0.50）A.discardedB.refusedC.eliminatedD.dismissed21.The people who objected to the new road were told that since work had already started there was no point in ______.（分数：0.50）A.contradictingB.protestingC.provokingD.refusing22.The reception was attended by various ______ members of the local community and representatives of regional industries.（分数：0.50）A.notoriousB.peculiarC.prominentD.profound23.The company directors asked the government to ______ in the dispute and prevent a strike.（分数：0.50）A.interveneB.interactC.interceptD.interrupt24.Executives of the company enjoyed an ______ lifestyle of free gifts, fine wines and high salaries.（分数：0.50）A.exquisiteB.extravagantC.exotic25.One of the examination questions ______ me completely and I couldn"t answer it.（分数：0.50）A.baffledB.mingledC.provokedD.diverted26.At first everything went well with the project but recently we have had a number of ______ with the machinery.（分数：0.50）A.disturbancesB.setbacksC.outputsD.distortions27.The government cannot take private property for public use without ______.（分数：0.50）A.premiumB.repaymentC.refundpensation28.When college students ______ future employment, they often think of status, income and prestige.（分数：0.50）A.anticipateB.applyC.demandD.assume29.The consumers demand not only that the products conform to these standards but also that the environment and production conditions of manufacture ______ standard requirements.（分数：0.50）ply withpare withC.discord withD.parallel with30.Astronauts are ______ all kinds of tests before they are actually sent up in a space craft.（分数：0.50）A.inclined toB.bound toC.prone toD.subjected to四、Section Ⅱ Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)To manager hoping to blossom as a business leader must develop the skill to communicate effectively. One of the foremost tasks of a leader is to create 1 to a cause. To do that he must first communicate to build mutual understanding.2 a manager communicates mostly to3 information, a leader uses communications to build relationships. A manager overwhelms others with details and still4 them cold. A leader5 their hearts by combining his vision with their6 in a common cause.Most Asian business leaders are instinctively 7 relationship building 8 direct communications. But they don"t use the mass media so well. While face to face communications is 9 , it is not enough in today"s big business.10 their western 11 , they are not so much frightened by mass media"s potential to magnify, distort, and expose. The problem lies more in the 12 of professional support 13 to them. In most Asian companies the public affairs function either does not exist or is 14 routine chores removed from helping the CEO to communicate with wider audiences. The reason primarily is that the 15communications officers are placed quite low in the organizational hierarchy.Asia"s need for business leaders who are 16 in using mass media to involve the public 17 the economic development dream has never been greaten. Television and the print media have an enormous 18 on the public"s perception of business. Our business leaders have not yet faced an unsympathetic press. They should start now 19 the day not be too far away 20 they are suddenly forced to enter the perilous arena of public communications.（分数：10.00）A.dedicationB.responsibilitymitmentmissionA.SinceB.WhenC.BecauseD.WhileA.transportB.carryC.conveyD.expressA.leavesB.keepsC.makesD.rendersA.movesB.touchesC.stimulatesD.losesA.aspirationsB.inspirationsC.perspirationD.persuasionA.good atB.poor inC.excel inD.indifferent toA.throughoutB.throughC.therebyD.duringA.vitalB.utmostC.ultimateD.chiefA.UnlikeB.LikeC.AsD.WithA.colleaguesB.cooperatorsC.coordinatorsD.counterpartsA.abundanceB.wantC.needckA.availableB.accessibleC.disposableD.transferableA.resignedB.assignedC.awardedD.distributedA.cooperationB.corporateC.incorporatemercialpetitivepetitorspetingpetentA.inB.intoC.withD.withinA.affectB.impactC.impetusD.impulseA.now thatB.unlessC.thoughD.asA.wheneverB.whicheverC.whenD.whatever五、Section Ⅲ Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The relationship between the home and market economies has gone through two distinct stages. Early industrialization began the process of transferring some production processes (e. g. clothmaking, sewing and canning foods) from the home to the marketplace. Although the home economy could still produce these goods, the processes were laborious and the market economy was usually more efficient. Soon, the more important second stage was evident—the marketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the home economy, and the home economy was unable to produce them (e.g. electricity and electrical appliances, the automobile, advanced education, sophisticated medical care). In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace. Thetraditional ways of taking care of these needs in the home, such as in nursing the sick, became socially unacceptable (and, in most serious cases, probably less successful). Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market. Growth brought with it increased variety in consumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services. Instead, economic growth brought with it increased consumer reliance on the marketplace. In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter the marketplace as wage earners and consumers. The neoclassical model that views the family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in the marketplace is basically a model of the first stage. It cannot accurately be applied to the second (and current) stage.（分数：10.00）(1).The reason why many production processes were taken over by the marketplace was that ______.（分数：2.00）A.it was a necessary step in the process of industrializationB.they depended on electricity available only to the market economyC.it was troublesome to produce such goods in the homeD.the marketplace was more efficient with respect to these processes(2).It can be seen from the passage that in the second stage ______.（分数：2.00）A.some traditional goods and services were not successful when provided by the home economyB.the market economy provided new goods and services never produced by the home economyC.producing traditional goods at home became socially unacceptableD.whether new goods and services were produced by the home economy became irrelevant(3).During the second stage, if the family wanted to consume new goods and services, they had to enter the market place ______.（分数：2.00）A.as customersB.as wage earnersC.both as manufacturers and consumersD.both as workers and purchasers(4).Economic growth did not make it more flexible for the home economy to obtain the new goods and services because ______.（分数：2.00）A.the family was not efficient in productionB.it was illegal for the home economy to produce themC.it could not supply them by itselfD.the market for these goods and services was limited(5).The neoclassical model is basically a model of the first stage, because at this stage ______.（分数：2.00）A.the family could rely either on the home economy on the marketplace for the needed goods and servicesB.many production processes were being transferred to the marketplaceC.consumers relied more and more on the market economyD.the family could decide how to transfer production processes to the marketplace七、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the fight weight, but does not ear very nutritious goods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally. This person is not ill. She/He may not evenbe at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely "not ill" and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body"s special needs. Both types have simply been called "well". In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body"s condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap may be "well" in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations."Wellness" may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.（分数：10.00）(1).Today medical care is placing more stress on ______.（分数：2.00）A.removing people"s bad living habitsB.monitoring patients" body functionsC.ensuring people"s psychological well-beingD.keeping people in a healthy physical condition(2).Traditionally, a person is considered "well" if she/he ______.（分数：2.00）A.does not have any unhealthy living habitsB.does not have any physical handicapsC.is able to handle his daily routinesD.is free from any kind of disease(3).According to the author, the true meaning of "wellness" is for people to ______.（分数：2.00）A.beat satisfy their body"s special needsB.strive to maintain the best possible healthC.meet the strictest standards of bodily healthD.keep a proper balance between work and leisure(4).Which of the following groups of people would be considered healthy?（分数：2.00）A.People who have strong muscles well as slim figuresB.People who are not presently experiencing any symptoms of diseaseC.People who try to be as healthy as possible, regardless of their limitationsD.People who can recover from illness even without seeking medical care(5).People who are well are likely to be better able to ______.（分数：2.00）A.earn more moneyB.resist any light diseaseC.influence other people"s lifeD.challenge the concept of wellness八、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Chemistry did not emerge as: science until after the scientific revolution in 17th century and then only rather slowly and laboriously. But chemical knowledge is as old as history, being almost entirely concerned with the practical arts of living. Cooking is essentially a chemical process; so is the melting of metals and the administration of drugs and potions. This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment. It also served to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves. New information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain betterresults.The development of a scientific approach to chemistry was, however, hampered by several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system. In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulties. Chemistry is nothing if not practical: those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical aptitude. Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest.The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood. Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric nature of the knowledge of alchemists, who were trying to transform base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir (炼金药). That would bestow the blessing of eternal life. In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impediment because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure.（分数：10.00）(1).The main topic of the passage is ______.（分数：2.00）A.the scientific revolution in the 17th centuryB.reasons that chemistry developedC.the practical aspects of chemistryD.difficulties of organizing knowledge systematically(2).According to the passage, how did knowledge about chemical processes increase before the 17th century?（分数：2.00）A.Philosophers devised theories about chemical propertiesB.A special symbolic language was developedC.Experience led workers to revise their techniquesD.Experts shared their discoveries with the public(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the factors blocked the development of chemistry as a science?（分数：2.00）A.The difficulty of organizing materials in systemB.Social and intellectual difficultiesC.The element of secrecyD.The difficulty of improving techniques(4).Which of the following statements best explains why "the second of these was the more serious impediment" (last sentence, Para. 3) ?（分数：2.00）A.Chemical knowledge was limited to a small number of peopleB.The symbolic language used was very impreciseC.Very few new discoveries were made by alchemistsD.The records of the chemical processes were not based on experiments(5).Which of the following occupations does the author imply that does NOT require any knowledge of chemical processes?（分数：2.00）A.CookB.ArtisanC.Metal workerD.Philosopher九、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the past, American colleges and universities were created to serve a dual purpose to advance learning and to offer a chance to become familiar with bodies of knowledge already discovered to those who wished it. To create and to impart, these were the distinctive features of Americanhigher education prior to the most recent, disorderly decades of the twentieth century. The successful institution of higher learning had never been one whose mission could be defined in terms of providing vocational skills or as a strategy for resolving societal problems. In a subtle way Americans believed higher education to be useful, but not necessarily of immediate use. Another purpose has now been assigned to the mission of American colleges and universities. Institutions of higher learning—public or private—commonly face the challenge of defining their programs in such a way as to contribute to the service of the community.This service role has various applications. Most common are programs to meet the demands of regional employment markets, to provide opportunities for upward social and economic mobility, to achieve racial, ethnic, or social integration, or more generally to produce "productive" as compared to "educated" graduates. Regardless of its precise definition, the idea of aservice-university has won acceptance within the academic community.One need only be reminded of the change in language describing the two-year college to appreciate the new value currently being attached to the concept of a service-related university. The traditional two-year college has shed its pejorative (轻蔑的) "junior" college label and is generally called a "community" college, a clearly value-laden expression representing the latest commitment in higher education. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required "union card" in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor"s classroom duties. The idea of a college or university that performs a triple function—communicating knowledge to students, expanding the content of various disciplines, and interacting in a direct relationship with society, has been the most important change in higher education in recent years.The novel development, however, is often overlooked. Educators have always been familiar with those parts of the two-year college curriculum that have a "service" or vocational orientation. It is important to know this. But some commentaries on American postsecondary education tend to underplay the impact of the attempt of colleges and universities to relate to, if not resolve, the problems of society. What"s worse, they obscure a fundamental question posed by the service-university—what is higher education supposed to do?（分数：10.00）(1).The first paragraph is written in order to state ______.（分数：2.00）A.the future usefulness of the knowledge obtained in collegeB.the missions of different educational institutions in AmericaC.the purpose of American higher education in the pastD.the history of the development of American higher education(2).One of the recent, important changes in higher education relates to ______.（分数：2.00）A.curriculum updatesB.service-education conceptsC.imparting knowledge to studentsbining education with production(3).The services role of colleges specifically aims to ______.（分数：2.00）A.improve servicesB.serve the communityC.provide skills for future useD.make graduates employable(4).It can he inferred from the passage that there exists a tendency to ______.（分数：2.00）A.play down the service-universityB.highlight service-education functionsC.alter the mission of primary educationD.exaggerate the change in higher education(5).The author"s attitude toward the service-education concept is ______.（分数：2.00）A.radicalB.impartialC.optimisticD.supportive十、Section Ⅳ Translatio(总题数：1，分数：15.00)For most of us, work is the central, domination fact of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, traveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our follow citizens as well. 1 It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a comer, that because most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredoms, frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide, and the condition in which work is done, will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. 2 Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity, imagination or initiative.Inequality at work, and in work is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society, like the one between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abilities. By contrast, for most manual workers, and for a growing number of white-collar workers, work is a boring, monotonous, even painful experience. 3 They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable—for themselves—by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority have little control over their work: it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is so designed that workers are simply part of the technology. In offices, many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine. 4 As a direct consequence of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it is in public or in private ownership.Rising educational standards feed rising expectations, yet the amount of control which the worker has over his own work situation does not rise accordingly. 5 In many cases his control has been reduced. Symptoms of protest increase—rising sickness and absenteeism, high mover of employees, restrictions on output, and strikes, both unofficial and official. There is not much escape out and upwards. As management becomes more professional—in itself a good thing—the opportunity for promotion from the shop floor becomes less. The only escape is to another equally frustrating manual job: the only compensation is found not in the job but outside it, if there is a rising standard of living.（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________十一、Section Ⅴ Writing(总题数：1，分数：20.00)31.Directions:Please write a composition of no less than 200 words on the following topic. Use specific reasons and examples to support your points of view.How to help the university students practice the Chinese traditional virtues in their daily lives? （分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。