You are all encouraged to play an active role in the systematic reform of our unit.
7.他总是以积极态度处理各种问题。
He takes a positive attitude in dealing with all kinds of problems.
It is an integral part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterprises.
5.我们要根据形势的发展来调整政策。
We must make adjustment in our policy in response to changes in the situation.
死亡
亡、卒、陨、崩、亡故、过世、仙逝、归西、牺牲、献身、永别、没了、完蛋、毙命、送命、暴卒、阵亡、夭折、早逝、升天、坐化、羽化、圆寂、回老家、玩儿完、粉身碎骨、溘然长逝、寿终正寝、呜呼哀哉、驾鹤西游、百年之后、三长两短、以身许国、马革裹尸、玉殒用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定性的词组或短句。汉语成语大多由四个字组成。”<现汉>（陈文伯）
We have to adjust our policy to the changing situation.
6.请大家积极参与单位的体制改革。
Everyone is called on to take an active part in the systematic reform of one’s work unit.
不能直译的习语
眉飞色舞
死译：His eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing
改译：To beam with joy
粗枝大叶
With big branches and broad leaves
To be crude and careless
无孔不入
He approaches various problems with a positive frame of mind.
8.请别客气.
Please don’t stand on ceremony.
Please don’t be so polite.
Please make yourself at home.
词语的翻译
一、认真辨析词义
多义词
歧异词
同义词
反义词
多义词
1.我们找个安静点的地方好好聊聊。
Let’s find a quiet place where we can have a good talk.
Let’s find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk.
借香敬佛
borrowing joss-sticks from a neighbor and burning them before Buddha for your own sake.
2.箱子里已经没有地方了。
There is no more space in the chest.
There is no room left in the chest.
3.你希望留在部队还是到地方上去？
Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit?
习语翻译的指导思想
“直译基础上的意译”
陆殿扬：“Translate literally, if possible, or, appeal to free translation.” (如果可能，就直译；否则就意译）
奈达：功能对等（Functional Equivalence: not only the equivalent content of message, but, in so far as possible, an equivalence of the form);
6.增添法：为了更清楚地表达原意，有时要结合上下文，在译文中增添一些说明。
7.还原法：有些习语源于外语，翻译时可使之还原。
8.直译加注法：有些习语包含历史典故，含有中国文化色彩，如果不作一番解释，英语读者将很难理解其确切含义。
9.粗俗语回避法：对于粗俗语，通常采用回避的方法，即借用英语同义习语或意译等方法来处理。
格言警句: maxim
习语的特点
习语集中反映一个民族或文化的特色
习语是各种修辞手段的集中表现
习语是语言中独立的、不规则的、固定的成分。
第一、二两点对译者的要求是什么？
第三点对译者的要求是什么？
第一、二两点要求译者尽量保持原文的民族形式和风格，因此直译（不是死译和硬译）往往是必要的。
第三点要求译者不要把习语当作普通语句来处理，须避免字字对译。
Please don’t bother.
Please, we don’t want to put you to trouble.
9.他客气而冷淡地接待了我们.
He received us politely but coolly.
He received us with civility but no warmth.
When he says he has little learning or talent, he is only being modest in accordance with the Chinese rules of politeness.
By describing himself as lacking in talent and learning, eh is only being modest like a typical Chinese.
1.词汇的感情色彩
注意词义的广狭
注意词义的轻重
注意词义的褒贬
注意词义的强弱
2.词汇的文体色彩
intimate — casual—consultative—formal —
Frozen
3.词语的搭配
美丽
美丽、好看、漂亮、中看、受看、入眼、顺眼、英俊、俊俏、俊美、绝色、冰肌玉骨、面如冠玉、花容月貌、国色天香、秀色可餐、倾国倾城等。
4.直译兼意译
无亲无故without a single relative or friend to help her out
斩草除根pluck up the evil by the roots
风餐露宿braving the wind and dew
贼眉鼠眼to behave stealthily like a thief
Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit?
4.我国的一项基本国策是发展乡镇企业。
It’s part and parcel of our national policy to develop enterprises in villages and towns.
油嘴滑舌
Glib tongue
断子绝孙
Ah Q, may you die sonless.
沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
Her beauty would put the flowers to shame.
6.增添法
树倒猢狲散
Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-shelter. (meaning慌慌张张）
自吹自擂to blow one’s own trumpets
心慈手软soft-hearted
安家落户to make one’s home
抛头露面to make one’s own appearance
愁眉苦脸to pull on a long face
长吁短叹
Sighing deeply
千真万确
Quite true
set phrases; idioms
2.惯用语：idioms
3.俗语: “通俗流行之语”或“约定俗成广泛通行之语” sayings
4.谚语: “在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。” <现汉> proverbs
歇后语：由前后两部分构成，前一部分多为比喻，后一部分说明喻义。two-part allegorical sayings
To get into every hole
To take advantage of every weakness
扬眉吐气
To raise the eyebrow and let out a breath
To feel proud and elated
归化？异化？你来选择
竭泽而渔
To drain a pond to catch all the fish
辗转反侧to toss and turn restlessly
跃跃欲试eager to have a try
狼吞虎咽to wolf sth. Down
5.省略法
能工巧匠skilled craftsman
称兄道弟to call each other brothers
赤手空拳to be bare-handed
He received us with cool politeness.
He received us with polite indifference.
10.对他这种人就是不能客气.
You cannot afford to go soft on a man like him.
You must not be too soft when dealing with someone like him.