-ing分词用法归纳1. -ing分词概述-ing分词的基本形式是由动词加-ing 构成,与动词的分词形式一致。
-ing分词的主要变化形式有一般式和完成式;一般式和完成式中又分别有主动形式及被动形式。
详见下表:2. -ing分词的意义(1) -ing分词所表示的动作常与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
如:He used to stand there thinking. 他过去常站在那儿思考。
They held activities celebrating their culture. 他们举行活动来庆祝他们的文化。
(2) -ing分词若在suggest, insist等动词后或作结果状语时,表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后;He suggested us practicing English every day. 他建议我们每天练习英语。
He insists on going with us together. 他坚持要跟我们一起去。
Her mother went away alone, leaving her crying there. 她母亲一个人走了,让她一个人在那儿哭。
(3) -ing分词若在forget, regret, remember等动词后或作时间状语时,表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
如:Can you still remember living there? 你还能记得在那里的生活情况吗?I don’t regret helping him, though he is unkind to us. 尽管她对我们不友好,我对帮助他还是不后悔。
(4) -ing分词若在介词before, after之后,动作的先后依介词before, after的意义而定。
如:I often read some newspaper before getting to sleep. 我在入睡前常要看一看报纸。
(5) -ing分词表泛指意义的动作或状态时,没有时间意义。
如:Keeping on doing morning exercises is a good habit. 坚持做早操是一种好的习惯。
(6) -ing分词的完成式表示所发生的动作在谓语动词的动作之前。
如:Not having received her answer, he decided to write to her again. 由于没有收到她的回信,他决定再给她写封信(from )。
(7) -ing分词的主动形式,表明逻辑主语所发出的动作;-ing分词的被动形式表明逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
如:Seeing from the top of the mountain, you will find the town very beautiful. 你从山顶上看,就会发现这座城市很美。
Seen from the top of the mountain, the town looks beautiful. 从山顶上看去,这座城市看起来很美。
(8) -ing分词的否定式是在-ing分词前面加否定词not。
如(from ):Not knowing what to do, he went to ask the teacher for help. 由于不知道该怎么做,他去请求老师的帮助。
Not having made it clear, he went to ask the teacher about it again. 由于他没有弄明白,他又去向老师询问这件事。
3. -ing分词的句法功能-ing分词具有动词的一些特征,可带自己的宾语或状语,从而一起构成动词—ing 形式的短语。
这个动词—ing 形式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质,在句子中,可做句子的主语、宾语、宾语的补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等成分。
(1) 作主语-ing分词短语放在句子的前面做主语,但当-ing分词短语较长时,为了使句子保持平衡,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放到句子的末尾。
如:Reading makes a man perfect. 阅读使人完美。
Crying over spilt milk is no use. —It is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶倒了,哭也无益。
-ing分词做真正的主语时常用于句型:It is no use doing…/ It is no good doing…/ I t is useless doing…/ It is worthwhile doing…如:It is no good reading in the sun. 在阳光下看书是不好的。
It is useless remembering words only. 只记单词是没有用的。
(2) 作宾语-ing分词既可做某些动词的宾语,也可做介词的宾语。
a. -ing分词并不是做所有及物动词的宾语,而是只能做某些及物动词的宾语,如:adm it, advise, allow, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy, forbid,imagine, mind, miss, keep, pardon, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, resist, risk, suggest, stop及下列短语动词的宾语:carry on, can’t help, feel like, give up, keep on, put off, s et about, object to, insist on, prevent from, pay attention to, stick to, refer to, get down t o, look forwards to, devote…to, be / get used to, lead to。
如(from ):I dislike playing cards. 我不喜欢打牌。
He enjoys reading stories. 她喜欢读故事。
He got down to working as soon as he got to the office. 他一进入办公室就开始工作。
b. 下列动词或形容词: want, require, need, deserve, worth带-ing分词作宾语时,主动形式表被动意义。
如:The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。
The house requires repairing at once. 这座房子需要马上维修。
c. 介词除besides, but, except接不定式外,一般都须接-ing分词作宾语。
如:You must finish your work before going to the concert. 你必须在去听音乐演唱会之前必须把工作完成。
On seeing her mother, the little girl began to cry out. 这个小女孩一看见她的母亲就大哭了起来。
(3) 作表语-ing分词作表语时,有两种情况,一方面,当-ing分词具有名词性质时,-ing分词短语说明主语的内容;另一方面,当-ing分词具有形容词性质时,-ing分词说明主语的性质或特征。
如:His job is teaching English. 他的工作是教英语。
(说明工作的内容)His job is interesting. 他的工作很有趣。
(说明工作的特征)注意:当-ing分词的动作是主语所发出的时,句子不是系表结构,而是动词现在进行时。
如:He is teaching Japanese at that school. 他在那所学校教日语。
(现在进行时)(4) 作宾语的补足语下列动词可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。
a. 感、知觉动词:feel, hear, look at, listen to, notice, observe, sense, see, watch 可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。
如:I heard her singing in the next door? 当时我听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?I watched them playing volleyball on the playing ground. 我观看他们在操场上打排球。
b. 动词find, get, have, keep, leave, send,suggest可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。
如:I found the missing boy playing by the river. 我发现那个失踪的男孩在河边玩。
Don’t have your guest standing there and ask him to sit down. 不要让客人站在那里,请他入坐。
(5) 作定语-ing分词作定语时,分两种情况。
a. 单个的动词—ing 形式作定语时,它总是位于被修饰的名词之前,说明被修饰名词的目的、用途或特征。
如:China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
Would you please give me some writing paper? 请给一些书写纸好吗?b. -ing分词接名词、代词或副词构成的短语作定语时,总是位于所修饰的名词之后,说明名词所处的状态或进行的动作。
如:The boy studying in the classroom is Li Lei. 在教室里学习的那个男孩是李蕾。
Don’t trouble the dog sleeping over there. 不要惹事生非。
(6) 作同位语-ing分词作同位语时,位于同位的名词之后,且跟前面的名词用逗号隔开,表示前面名词的内容。
如:His idea, helping farmers get in their crops, interested us very much. 他那帮助农民收割庄稼的想法使我们很感兴趣。
The goal, making two thousand cars this mouth, excites the workers. 本月生产两千辆小汽车的目标使工人们很兴奋。
(7) 作状语-ing分词在句子中做状语,表示谓语动词所发生的时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随、目的、程度和结果。
如:a. 作时间状语Having cleaned the house, she went on to help her mother pick apples. 把房子打扫后,她又继续帮助母亲摘苹果。