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英文商务合同长句的语用分析及其翻

英文商务合同长句的语用分析及其翻译

周燕、廖瑛。《中国科技翻译》0411。

(湖南大学外国语学院,长沙市,410082)

http://biz.doczj.com/doc/7211710515.html,/viewthread.php?tid=344851 摘要:加入世贸组织后,中国的对外贸易和经济技术合作得到迅速发展,对国际商务合同的翻译研究,将成为我们翻译工作者的一个重要课题。本文以语用分析为依据,从英汉语言差异的比较出发,介绍英文商务合同中较为复杂的长句的常用翻译方法和技巧。

关键词:商务合同;长句;语用分析;翻译

引言

翻译国际商务合同等法律文件已成为当前研究的一门课题。国际商务合同一经依法订立,就成为一种法律文件而对缔约各方具有法律约束力,成为国际商务活动中解决争议的法律依据。国际商务合同周密严谨、句式较长的语言特点给国际商务合同的翻译提出了极其严格的要求。本文以语用分析为依据,从英汉语言差异的比较出发,通过例句说明此类文书中较为复杂的长句的常用翻译方法和技巧。

一、合同语言的句式特点概述

“合同或协定是具有法律效力的正式文件,用语必须准确、规范……法律

文件是规定缔约各方应该做些什么,而不是提出问题和进行商榷”(廖瑛,2002)。合同的作用在于明确陈述和规定不同当事人在有关活动中的权利和义务,因此从句式的使用上来看,合同一般采用陈述句,而不使用疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。完整的长句的使用可以准确界定这种权利和义务关系,排除被曲解或误解的可能性。

法律文件具有条理性、周密性。从语用的角度来看,每一种情况,或条件、或要求、或断定都要顾及到种种可能发生的情况,种种设定,种种意外,种种解决办法。“一个句子常常要照顾到千变万化的情况,自然就长。长句排列组织不好,就容易引起混乱、误解、歧义”(傅伟良,2002)。商务合同具有句式讲究、用词严谨、条理清晰、长而不乱、逻辑性强的特点。将英文合同文本译成中文时,应尽可能保留合同作为法律语言的上述特点。例如:

The Parties, adhering to the principle of e-quality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, desire to exert all their efforts in co-operating with each other and agree to jointly in-vest to set up a joint venture enterprise in Changsha, the P. R. China for the purpose of expanding international economic cooperation and technological exchange on a mutually beneficial and profitable basis.

本句虽长,但人们可以一目了然地看到这是一个一主(The Parties)二谓(desire和agree)的简单句,两谓之后各接一个不定式短语作宾语。主语之后接一个分词短语作后置定语,且句子的主语又是分词的逻辑主语,条理清楚,逻辑严密,行文流畅,此句译为:

双方本着平等互利原则通过友好协商,愿尽全力相互合作,共同投资,在中华人民共和国长沙市建立合资经营企业;在互惠互利的基础上,扩展国际经济合作和技术交流。

二、简单长句及其翻译

英文商务合同中使用的大量长句,主要分为三大类:简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。英汉两种语言的句子在措辞、语序、结构上各有特点。大致说来,英语句子长,动词较少,词序灵活,讲究平衡;而汉语句子短,动词多,语序较固定,讲究对称。在翻译英文商务合同中的简单长句时,首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系;然后再适当切分,理出句子的主干成分,翻译时以句子的主干为主导;最后再按汉语表达习惯,变动语序,重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。例如:

(1)The Buyers may,within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination,lodge a claim against the sellers for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.

这是一个简单长句,其主干为The Buyers may...lodge a claim...。修饰谓语动词的状语有三个,分别表示时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination,方式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和目的for short-weight,而且状语中还有状语,作定语的分词issued还有自己的状语by a reputable public surveyor。众多状语,尽管在英语中的位置十分灵活,然而按照汉语的行文规范,方式状

语一般应位于动词之前;而有些状语在译文中可以灵活处理,例如本句中的时间状语,可以提前至句首。因此,上句可译成:

货物抵达目的港15天内,买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。

(2)Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract,the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.

此句的主干为...the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price...to the Seller,其中含有一个时间状语within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。从语用的角度来看,商务合同中许多时间状语表示的是某一缔约方必须在何时何地承担某一义务和享有某一种权利,即时效性。因此整个句子的重心不是句子的动词,而是发生动作的时间。在译成中文时,为了突出行为的时效性,时间状语应尽量靠近表示义务责任的关键词“须”。此句中还含有一个较为复杂的方式状语by opening an irrevocable

L/C...,其中含有三个介词短语作定语修饰an irrevocable L/C。按照汉语的行文规范,方式状语一般应位于动词之前。此外,若动词同时带有时间状语和方式状语时,英文的通常顺序是方式在前,时间在后,而汉语却正好与之相反,为方式在后,时间在前。因此本句可译成:

买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30 000美元。

(3)The Equipment and Material shall be carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.

此句的句子结构并不复杂但包含一个较为复杂的方式状语。从语用特征的角度来看,方式状语通常都是规定性的,其作用是规定合约方履行某项义务必须采取的方式或手段,在合同的语言环境下,即使有关缔约方履行了合同规定的义务,但若其履行义务的方式与合同规定的方式不符,乃构成违约。因此,方式状语的作用通常都是比较重要的。

本句可译成:

设备和原料须根据其形状和特点以完善而牢固的方式精心妥当地包装,包装须适合于长途海、陆运输,能经受多次装卸。

三、复合长句及其翻译

为了保持合同的严谨性,英文商务合同中还经常使用含有多个从句的复合长句,以致句子结构长、语法关系复杂,但脉络清晰,表达准确,逻辑严密。在翻译这种类型的长句时,必须弄清原句结构关系,分清主次,翻译时以主句为主导,从句作说明,用规范的中文准确地传达出原文的意义。例如:

(1) This Agreement made this twentieth day of December 2000 between The

International Transportation Co. Ltd. of 98 Wuyi Road,the City of Changsha,Party A,and The Far East Trading Co. Ltd.of 29 Piccadilly, the City of London,UK Party B.

Witnesses:

That Party A,in consideration of the agreement hereinafter contained of Party B,contracts and agrees with Party B,that he will deliver,in good and marketable condition,to Party B,during the month of March of next year,five thousand cases of sea,in the following lots,and on the following specified terms,vs:one thousand cases by the eighth of March,one thousand cases additional by the fifteenth of the month,one thousand cases more by the twenty second,and the entire five thousand cases to be all delivered by the thirtieth of March.

在上述长句中,主语是This Agreement,后接过去分词短语made...作后置定语。Witnesses用作主句的谓语,后接that引导的宾语从句。在这个冗长的宾语从句中,句子的主干是Party A...contracts and agrees with Party B...其后又有一个that引导的冗长的宾语从句。理顺了句子结构之后,我们发现修饰主语的定语过长,翻译时必须对其进行适当的切分。Witnesses在法律语言中常译为“兹约定”“兹证明”,因此我们不难将该句译为:

合同签订于2000年12月20日,长沙市五一路98号的国际运输有限公司为甲方,英国伦敦皮卡迪利大街29号的远东贸易有限公司为乙方。

兹约定:

考虑到乙方的允诺,甲方特与乙方订立协议并同意:由甲方负责,于定约之翌年3月份一月之内向乙方运送质地优良、符合行销标准的5 000箱茶叶,并按下列期限分批交货。即:到3月8日止交货1 000箱,3月15日另交货1000箱,到3月22日再交货1 000箱,至3月30日全部5 000箱茶叶如数交迄。

(2) The Buyer shall pay the Seller US 350,000 within 20 days after the Bank of China has received the following documents from the Seller and found them in order,but not earlier than 12(twelve) months after the date the Contract Plant for the first time reached 95% of guaranteed capacity of the whole Contract Plant according to the guaranteed quality indices as per Annex VI to the Contract or 65 months after the date of signing the contract,whichever is earlier.

此句中含有一个非常复杂的时间状语,界定了买方承担付款义务的时间,从语用的角度来看,but后面的部分实际上是对前一部分,即within 20 days after the Bank of China has received the following documents from the Sellerand found them in order的补充,同时语义上有转折关系;从英语的结构及表述方式上看,英语的状语放在句末,如此冗长的状语对行文规范及读者的理解都不构成任何问题,但如果机械地将如此冗长的状语原封不动地译成汉语并按照汉语行文习惯置于谓语的动词之前,就会使译文显得拖泥带水,难以达意。因此,翻译此句时可以采用化整为零的手法,将表示补充内容的较长部分转换成汉语的并列句,并将原文中时间状语所修饰

的谓语部分的核心,即“支付款项”移植为并列句的主语。全句可译成:

买方须于中国银行收到卖方下列单据,并经审核证实无误后的20天内向卖方支付350000美元,但此款项的支付不得早于合同工厂第一次达到附件Ⅵ所规定之质量保证指标的95%以后的12个月,或本合同签字后的65个月,以早到的日期为准。(许国新,2002)

四、并列长句及其翻译

由于撰写合同时不能遗漏任何可能情况,所以英文商务合同中往往有大量并列成分。这些并列成分包括并列的词、短语以及从句。从语用角度看,并列的平行结构使合同的句式平衡,表意完整。在翻译由两个或两个以上的并列单句构成的复杂长句时可以采用分句译法。并列长句的分句之间的语义关系比较松散,因此翻译时可以断开,分解成单句独立存在。例

如:

The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau and the Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short-weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.

此句由两个结构相同的并列分句组成,均为主句在前,条件状语在后,在两个条件状语中均含有时间状语,此外,两个并列分句中也都含有时间状语,均为within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,译成中文时,条件状语应分别置于主句之前,而所有的时间状语均放在各自修饰的动词的前面。同时,为了符合汉语句式较短的特点,可以将两个并列分句断开,分解成两个单句,即译成:

若货物经中国商品检验局复检后发现质量与本合同之规定不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出索赔。若经中国商品检验局复检发现货物质量与提单所示重量不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出短重索赔。

五、结束语

国际商务合同是具有法律效力的商务文书,其句子结构具有周密严谨、冗长复杂等特点。灵活掌握各种长句的翻译技巧可以帮助我们在译文中既高度准确地表达原文所表达的信息,又最大限度地符合中文的行文规范,并使译文通顺流畅。

参考文献:

1、蔡先凤:论提单和租约的句法特点及其翻译,《中国科技翻译》,2002,(3)

2、陈新:《英汉翻译教程北京大学出版社》,1999

3、邓含能、徐惠莲:论工程合同英语语言的严谨性,《中国科技翻译》,2001,(3)

4、冯庆华:《实用翻译教程》,上海外语教育出版社,1997

5、廖瑛:《国际商务英语》,中南大学出版社,2002

6、孙志祥:合同英译理解过程中的“合法”前提和“求信”标准,《中国翻译》,2001,(5)

7、唐兴正、郑达轩:《国际商法》,辽宁教育出版社,2001

8、徐国新:英文国际经济贸易合同中状语的语用分析与翻译技巧,《中国翻译》,2002,(3)

商务英语合同翻译范本

合同 编号:日期: 买受人: 出售人: 本合同由买卖双方订立,根据本合同规定的条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售下述商品: 1.货名,规格,数量 2.单价,总价 3.生产国和制造商 4.包装 用坚固的新木箱包装,适宜长途海运,并具备良好的防潮,防震,防锈,耐粗暴搬运能力,由于包装不当而引起的货物损坏或由于防护措施不善而引起货物锈蚀,卖方应赔偿由此而造成的全部损失费用。 5.唛头 卖方应在每件包装上,用不褪色油墨清楚地标刷件号、尺码、毛重、净重、“此端向上”、“小心轻放”、“切勿受潮” 等字样。 6.运日期 7.装运港 8.目的港

9.保险装运后由买方投保。 10.支付条件 ⑴信用证付款,买方在收到卖方根据合同第12条规定的提前装运的通知后,应于运输的15日到20日之前,按货物总金额的全部。通过_______(银行),设立以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的信用证。卖方凭本合同第11条规定的装运单据及开出的即期汇票提交给开证银行贷款,信用证的有效期至货物运装后15天为止。 ⑵托收付款,卖方应把合第11条所规定的由_______(银行)开具的装运单据转交买方。 ⑶根据合同第11条货款应在收据收到的7天前生效。 11.单据 ⑴卖方应将下列单据提交付款银行托收付款,若以信汇付款,下列单据应寄买方: (a)填写通知目的口岸对外贸易运输公司的空白抬头、空白背 书的全套已装船的清洁提单,注明“运费到付”,并通知货口岸___________公司。 (b)发票五份,注明合同号,唛头。(唛头在一份以上,发票 需独立出具)。 (c)五份发票需注明货物重量,编号和发票相应的日期。 (d)按照本合同第16条第一项规定,提交由制造厂签发的质 量和数量/重量证明书及检验报告各两份。

商务合同-Contract-中英文

合同书 Contract 甲方: Party A: 乙方: Party B: 合同名称: Name of contract: 合同编号: Contract No.:

此合同由如下双方签定 The contract shall be signed by two parties as following: 1、(以下简称甲方) (hereinafter referred to as Party A) 2、(以下简称乙方) (hereinafter referred to as Party B) 此项目经甲乙双方友好协商,按国家经济合同法,现达成协议,其条款如下:The project is friendly negotiated by two parties according to national economic contract law. Now the agreement is reached with articles as following: 一、合同价格Contract amount 合同总金额为人民币(含17%增值税)xxx元。(大写:xxx)。 The total amount of the contract is xxxRMB (including 17% VAT) (in words: xxx). 二、工作范围Working scope 三、付款方式与条件Payment terms and conditions 3.1、合同生效后,甲方预付合同总价的30%。 Party A shall pay 30% of the total contract amount as down payment after the contract is signed and valid. 3.2、完成预验收后,乙方向甲方开具相应的发票,甲方预付合同总价的30%。 After the pre-acceptance, Party A shall pay 30% of the total amount against the invoice issued by Party B. 3.3、在最终客户完成终验收,甲方预付合同总价的30%。 Party A shall pay 30% of the total contract amount after the final customer’s final acceptance. 3.4、质保期为1年,年满后付合同总价的10%。 After the warranty period of 1 year, the last 10% of the total amount shall be paid. 3.5、合同金额包含往来运费。 The total contract amount shall include all transportation fees.

[VIP专享]商务合同中英文翻译

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销售合同英文翻译

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