• It helps you prepare
the speech.
• Decide what you’ll say in
the introduction, how you will organize the main points and supporting materials in the body, and what you’ll say in the conclusion.
英语演讲的艺术week-five
The Preparation Outline
• Preparation outline: a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
• See APS pages 126-127: Sample Speaking Outline With Commentary.
Using Visual Aids
• As the old saying goes, one picture can be worth a thousand words.
PowerPoint.
•
View an excerpt from “Machu
Picchu: City of the Gods.
Graphs
• Graph: a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.
• Line graph: a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.
• It helps you what you want to say. • A condensed version of your preparation
outline.
• It should contain key words or phrases, essential statistics and quotations.
• How well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose and to communicate your central idea.
Label the
Introduction, Body, and Conclusion
relationships among the speaker’s ideas.
State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences
• A skimpy preparation outline is of little value.
• Stating main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your ideas fully.
State the Specific Purpose and Central Idea
• The specific purpose statement and the central idea should be separate units that appear before the text of the outline itself.
Keep the Outline as Brief as Possible
• It should contain key words or phrases. • It should be the minimum you need to
jog your memory and keep you on track.
• Visual images can make a speaker’s message more interesting, make the audience grasp it more easily , and retain it longer.
Kinds of Visual Aids
• Objects and models. • Photographs and drawings. • Graphs. • Charts. • Video. • The speakeions, Internal Summaries, and Internal Preview
• Usually they’re not incorporated into the system of symbolization and indentation.
• They’re labeled separately and are inserted in the outline where they’ll
Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation
• See APS page 120. • Visual framework: the pattern of
symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that show the
Photographs and Drawings
• Neither will work effectively unless they’re large enough for the audience to see without straining.
• The most effective way to show drawings and photographs is with
Objects and Models
• Model: an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail.
• View an excerpt from “CPR”: rescue breathing, presented on Video 12.1.
• It should be readable at a distance. • Use large lettering, leave extra space
between lines, provide ample margins, and write or type on only one side of your paper or note card.
• Make sure the outline is legible. • Keep the outline as brief as possible. • Give yourself cues for delivering the
speech.
Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation Outline
• Use the same visual framework as your preparation outline.
• See instantly where you are in the speech at any given moment while you are speaking.
Make Sure the Outline Is Legible
• State main points and subpoints in full sentences.
• Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews.
• Attach a bibliography.
• Give your speech a title.
• Pie graph: a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.
• Bar graph: a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.
• One way: by underlining or highlighting key ideas that you want to be sure to emphasize.
• Another way: jot down on the outline explicit cues such as “pause”, “repeat”, “slow down”, “louder”, and so forth.
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline
• State the specific purpose and central idea.
• Label the introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation.
• It should also include cues to direct and sharpen your delivery.
Guidelines for the Speaking Outline