Prehistoty to the Norman Conquest●7000 B.C.: Emergence of British Isles●3000 B. C.: Iberians (From southwest part of Eurasia)●New Stone Age/1800-1400B.C.: Stonehenge4 Invasions•The Celts凯尔特人（罗马人称其为高卢人）Invasion (700 B.C.)•Roman Conquests (43 A.D.)•The Anglo-Saxon（盎格鲁。

撒克逊人）Invasion (300-1020A.D.)•Norman（诺曼）ConquestsTwo of the early invading cultures underlie much of modern British history and culture: the Celts and the mixture of Germanic（日耳曼人）tribes commonly referred to as Anglo-Saxon.The Reason of Roman ConquestIn 100 B.C., when these British tribes learned that the Romans were planning to subdue their kinsmen in Northern Gaul （高卢）(modern France), they sent men and ships to aid their kin. That decision contributed to the Roman emperor Julius Caesar’s decision to invade Britain.Roman Britain (P46)Unlike other early invaders who slaughtered or expelled previous inhabitants and settled on their lands, the Romans came as imperialists to exploit and govern by right of being the superior civilization. After the Roman conquerors plundered Britain, they designated it as part of the Roman Empire and endeavored to assimilate the Britons into Roman life, an effort which ultimately failedThe End of the Roman ConquestsWhen the Roman disintegrated in 476 A.D., and the Roman soldiers retreated toward Rome, they left behind only their roads, a few place names and clusters of Christian converts.The Anglo-Saxon InvasionThe retreat of the Romans opened the way for the second important invaders, the Germanic peoples loosely described today as “Anglo-Saxon”.–The Angles, the group that gave England its name.–The Saxons were the most important of these Germanic invaders.The end of the conflicts between the Anglo-Saxons and the DanesThere was no permanent enmity between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes, two Nordic groups which shared a kinship and common customs. After the Danes converted to Christianity, they easily merged with the English under the rule of the House of Wessex.–1013-1042, whole England, Canute king–Edward the Confessor, whose mother was connected to the Normans. He gave the Normans powerful positions in church and secular governments, positions thatfacilitated the Norman Conquest of Britain.William I of EnglandWilliam I, known as William the Conqueror, was king of England from 1066 to 1087. As king, William reorganized the feudal system, making all landholders swear greater loyalty to him rather than to their separate lords.House of Plantagenet（1154～1399）（金雀花王朝）(The name is derived from the sprig that Geoffrey always wore in his cap)Earl Geoffrey of France—Henry II (Reign: 1154-1189)one of the most powerful rulers of his time, made lasting changes to Britain’s judicial system.Richard ILion-Hearted, along with France’s King Philip II Augustus, and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, led the Third Crusade (1189-1192). Although the crusaders failed to defeat the Muslims, Richard I negotiated a treaty granting Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.King John (Reign: 1199-1216)1215: Magna Carta (Great Charter)(大宪章)no taxation without representation ,the fundamental principle of parliamentThe document limited the power of the English monarchy（君主制）and granted rights to John’s vassals. Many English legal traditions, including the right to trial by jury and equal access to courts for all citizens, had their origins in the Magna Carta.Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272)was eventually forced to call the first "parliament" in 1264. P53Edward I conquered the Wales in 12771337-1453: Hundred Years’ War between England and France:a series of short conflicts, broken intermittently by a number of truces and peace treaties. It resulted from disputes between the ruling families of the two countries, the French Capetians and the English Plantagenets, over territories in France and the succession to the French throne.In 1338, Edward III, king of England and son of Isabella of France, declared himself king of France, instigating the Hundred Years’ War between England and France.Effects of the Black DeathThe Black Death, an epidemic of plague in Europe that lasted from 1347 to 1351, resulted in the deaths of almost one-quarter of Europe’s population. The Black Deat h was the first in a cycle of plagues in Europe that continued into the 18th century. Shown here, the French city of Marseille is devastated by a later outbreak of plague.the Cause of the Wars of the RosesRichard II was the eighth King of England of the House of Plantagenet and the last of that house's main-line kings. He ruled from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard was a son of Edward, the Black Prince and was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III.Henry IV was a leader of the party that opposed his cousin, King Richard II. Because of a quarrel with Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, Henry was exiled for six years by Richard, who promised that Henry would not lose his inheritance. When Henry’s father died, however, Richard confiscated the Lancastrian estates willed to Henry. Consequently, Henry raised an army, invaded England, and captured Richard, who later abdicated.Henry’s rebellion set off a chain of important events called the War of the Roses.Wars of the Roses (1455-1485): series of dynastic civil wars in England fought by the rival houses of Lancaster (red rose-Henry IV) and York (white rose). The struggle was so named because the badge of the house of Lancaster兰卡斯特王朝was a red rose and that of the house of York a white rose.1486: the marriage of Henry VII (Henry Tudor) and Elizabeth of the House of York brought compromise between the two families—Tudor PeriodHenry VIIof England, often called Henry Tudor (1457-1509), king of England (1485-1509) and first ruler of the house of Tudor, whose reign initiated a period of national unity following the strife of the 15th century by his marriage to Elizabeth of York marked the end of the Wars of the Roses.Henry VIII --1509-1547, the 2nd son of Henry VIIHis greatest achievement was to initiate the Protestant Reformation英国国教（即圣公会）in England. He rejected the authority of the pope and the Roman Catholic Church, confiscated church lands, and promoted religious reformers to power; Church of England or Anglican Church.Edward VI Mary IElizabeth IJames IHis rule united both nations under a single monarchy, which eventually resulted in the creation of the United KingdomCharles ICharles I was king of England from 1625 to 1649. Charles believed in the divine right of kings and did not feel accountable to Parliament. His behavior provoked the English Revolution, which was fought between the armies of the king and those of Parliament. Defeated and convicted of treason by Parliament, Charles was beheaded in January 1649.English Revolutionalso called the Puritan Revolution or the Civil War, general designation for the period in English history from 1640 to 1660. It began with the calling of the Long Parliament by King Charles I and proceeded through two civil wars, the trial and execution of the king, the republican experiments of Oliver Cromwell, and, ultimately, the restoration(复辟) of King Charles II.Oliver Cromwell（克伦威尔）The Glorious Revolution(光荣革命)Parliament in 1689 gave him and Mary the crown jointly (William III and Mary II), provided that they affirm Bill of Rights（《权利法案》）listing and condemning the abuses of James. A Toleration Act gave freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters. This revolution was called the Glorious Revolution because, unlike that of 1640 to 1660, it was bloodless and successful: It was a victory of Whig principles and Tory pragmatism.公元前2000-1500年，古印欧人的一支——凯尔特人（罗马人称其为高卢人）西进。