第2章美国历史2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. DiscoveryⅡ. English Settlements1. The First English Colony2. PilgrimsⅢ. Colonial Era1. 13 Colonies2. Reasons of Independence War3. Immediate CauseⅣ. Revolution1. Second Continental Congress2. Declaration of Independence3. The Treaty of ParisⅤ. Devising a Constitution1. Constitution2. Bill of RightsⅥ. The Civil War1. Reasons2. ProcessesⅦ. Reconstruction of the South1. Definition2. ResultsⅧ. Industrial GrowthFeaturesⅨ. Progressivism1. Muckrakers2. Progressive Movement3. Roosevelt’s contribution4. Wilson’s New FreedomⅠ. Discovery(发现美洲)(1) Around the year 1000, a party of Icelandic Vikings under Leif Ericson sailed to the eastern coast of North America.(2) 1492, Columbus reach some small islands in the now W est Indies, and didn’t know he had discovered a New Continent;(1) 1000年左右，雷夫埃里克松领导的一群冰岛的海盗航行到了北美的东部海岸。
(2) 1492年，哥伦布到达了今天的西印度群岛上的一些小岛屿，但他并不知道他发现的是新大陆。
Ⅱ. English Settlements(英国定居点)1. The First English Colony(第一个英国殖民地)The first successful English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.1607年英国殖民者在美洲的詹姆斯敦，弗吉尼亚州成功地建立了第一个殖民地。
2. Pilgrims(朝圣者)One group of Puritans, called the “Pilgrims,” crossed the Atlantic in the ship Mayflower and settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.1620年一批被称为朝圣者的清教徒乘坐五月花号船跨越大西洋，并定居在了马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。
Ⅲ. Colonial Era(殖民时代)1. 13 Colonies (13个殖民地)By 1733, English settlers had occupied 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast, from New Hampshire in the north to Georgia in the south.截止到1733年，英国殖民者已占领了大西洋沿岸的13个殖民地，从北部的新罕布什尔州到南部的乔治亚州。
2. Reasons of Independence War(独立战争爆发的原因)The British government allowed the company to sell tea at a lower price in the colonies through its own people, which took away the tea business from American tea merchants.英国政府允许公司通过自己的人以较低的价格向殖民地卖茶，夺走了美国茶商的生意。
3. Immediate Cause(直接原因)Some Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw much tea into the harbor.一些波士顿居民装扮成印第安人，在夜间登上船舶把许多的茶丢进了港口。
Ⅳ. Revolution(革命)1. Second Continental Congress(第二次大陆会议)In May 1775, a second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government. It founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington.1775年五月，第二届大陆会议的代表在费城见面，商讨国家政府职能。
它创立了乔治华盛顿领导下的大陆陆军和海军。
2. Declaration of Independence(独立宣言)Thomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted a Declaration of Independence, which the Congress adopted on July 4, 1776.弗吉尼亚州的托马斯杰佛逊起草了独立宣言，此宣言于1776年七月四日被过会采纳。
3. The Treaty of Paris(巴黎条约)The Treaty of Paris, signed in September 1783, recognized the independence of the United States and granted the new nation all the territory north of Florida, south of Canada and east of the Mississippi River.巴黎条约于1783年九月签订，条约承认美国的独立性，承认佛罗里达州的北部地区，加拿大和密西西比河以东的南部地区都是美国的领土。
Ⅴ. Devising a Constitution(制定宪法)1. Constitution(宪法)In May 1787, a convention met in Philadelphia with instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates—among whom were George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and James Madison— went beyond their mandate and drafted a new and more workable Constitution.1787年五月，旨在修改邦联条例的会议在费城召开。
其中的三位代表乔治华盛顿，本杰明富兰克林和杰姆斯麦迪逊越权草拟了一个新的和更有效的宪法。
2. Bill of Rights(人权法案)In 1791 ten amendments-the Bill of Rights-were added to the Constitution.1791十条修正案，《人权法案》被加进了宪法。
Ⅵ. The Civil War(内战)1. Reasons(原因)①slavery: a. north—disappear; b. south—suited.②Westwards arise problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread into these areas, and it result in the Compromise of 1850: a. California – free state; b. New Mexico and Utah - territories.③abolitionists.④South-Confederate States of America; North- Union.①北方的奴隶制消失了，而南方正需要奴隶制。
②是否允许奴隶制出现在西部地区成为了一个问题。
于是出现了1850年的妥协方案：a．加利福尼亚–自由状态；b．新墨西哥和犹他州继续使用奴隶。
③废奴主义者。
④出现了美国南部邦联和北方联盟。
2. Processes(过程)①at the beginning of the war→ setbacks;②Emancipation Procla mation→ support the Union;③Gettysburg victory→ turning point;④Gettysburg Address;⑤South surrender, 1865.①战争的开始→北方军队后退；②解放宣言→支持联盟；③葛底斯堡战役的胜利→转折点；④葛底斯堡演说；⑤1865年南方投降。
Ⅶ. Reconstruction of the South(南方的重建)1. Definition(定义)It refers to reform, of the Southern states, occupied after the war by the army of the North.指战争结束后被北方军队占领的南方各州的改革。
2. Results(结果)。