Sentence fragments：句子碎片：sentences are complete thoughts because they are have subjects and verbs and because they require no other elements to complete their meaning.句子是完整的主题有完整的主语和谓语，而且并不需要成分来补充它的意思。
When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop （period，exclamation point，or question mark）at the end，it is called a sentence fragment.当任何一个非独立成分被句首大写字母强调并且末尾有一个停顿（句号，感叹号，问号），他被称为句子片段A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways：句子碎片可以用多种不同的方法修正a. by joining it to another sentence 把它加入进另一个句子b. by supplying a subject and a predicate提供一个主语和谓语c. by rewriting the passage in which it occurs在不改变句意的范围内重写Any verbless or subjectless fragment of a sentence ，whether you can classify it or not，should not be allowed to stand as a sentence.任何没有主语或谓语的句子碎片，不管是否分类，都不应该当做句子。
A. A verbless or subjectless fragment can be corrected by adding a subject or verb accordingly；by attaching the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it ，whichever makes sense ；or by rewriting the fragment entirely.一个缺少主语或谓语的句子碎片可以通过增加一个相应的主语或谓语来改正；或通过把句子碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整；或完全的重写句子碎片。
B. Added—detail fragments also lack a subject and a verb .They often begin with one of the following words.；for example ，also，except，such as ，including，especially，namely额外的碎片也是缺少主语和谓语的。
大多是以以下的词开始的；例如，并且，除了，像，包含，特别，即An added—detail fragments can be corrected in one of the three ways below：额外碎片可以通过以下三种方式改正a.Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.附加到他之前的完整意思中b.Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence.在碎片中加入主语和谓语使他成为一个完整的句子c.Change words necessary to make the fragment part of the sentence.改变必要的词汇使句子碎片成为一个句子Run—on sentence连写句A run—on sentence is tow or more complete thoughts （or independent clauses）without adequate sign given to mark the break between them.连写句是两个或两个以上的写在一起且中间没有明显停顿标记的完整的意思（独立句）They may be corrected in four principal ways：连写句的四种主要的改正方法：a. Use a period and write two separate sentence.用一个句号把它写成两个分开的不同的句子。
b. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction用逗号和适合的连词c. Use a semicolon用一个分号d. Make one of the clauses dependent 使其中的一个句子变为从句Misplaced and dangling modifiers错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语A modifier is a word，a phrase，or a clause that functions in the sentence to modify，that is，to limit，qualify，or restrict the meaning of another word, phrase ,clause.Misplaced and dangling modifiers break a fundamental rule that all modifiers must be near the word they modify. Misplaced and dangling modifiers modify either the wrong word or no word at all。
错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语修饰语在句子中的职能就是去修饰和限定句子中的另一个词的意思。
错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语破坏了修饰语必须挨着他所修饰的那个词的基本的规则。
错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语都修饰了错误的词或没有起到修饰的作用。
Misplaced modifiers错位修饰语A modifier is misplaced when it appears so far from what it is supposed to modify that the connection is no longer clear or modifier seems to modify something else当一个修饰语出现在离他要修饰的词很远的地方时，修饰看起来不再明显或像在修饰其他的什么。
Squinting modifiers偏斜修饰语A squinting modifier is a word or phrase that appears to modify both the words that precede and follow it. Such a modifier seems to be looking in two directions at once.The result is a sentence with two possible meanings。
偏斜修饰语就是指一个修饰词看起来在同时修饰他前后的两个词,看起来是在一次修饰两个方向，结果句子就出现了两种可能的意思。
Split infinitives分裂不定式A split infinitive is a construction in which the sign of the infinitive “to”has been separated from the verb with which it is associated.分裂不定式是将to 和有联系的那个动词隔离开的结构。
Dangling modifiers悬垂修饰语A dangling modifier is a group of word that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence.悬垂修饰语是一组在句子中与任何元素都没有语法联系的修饰语。
There are five kinds of dangling modifiers：五种悬垂修饰a.dangling participles 悬垂分词b.dangling gerunds悬垂动名词c.dangling infinitives 悬垂不定式d.dangling elliptical clauses悬垂精简句e.dangling prepositional phrases悬垂介词短语Correcting dangling modifiers校正悬垂修饰语a. One way is to leave the modifier as it is and to rewrite the main clause so that its subject what the writer meant to modify。
一种方法是舍弃修饰语照现在的样子改写主句，以便明白什么才是作者修饰的主题。
b. Another way to correct sentence containing dangling modifiers is to change the dangling construction into a subordinate clause.另一种改正包含悬垂修饰语的句子方法是将悬垂结构改成一个从句。
c.The third way to eliminate dangling modifiers is to recast the entire sentence.第三种方法是省略悬垂修饰语，重写完整的句子。
Pronoun reference指示代词Pronouns are useful because they take the place of nouns （persons，places，or things），which otherwise would have to repeated over and over.指示代词代替那些在句子中多次出现的名词。
Antecedent 先行词代词所指代的那个词。