药学英语复习资料整理（修正版）Part II I. M ultiple choices（1.5’ x 10 =15’）医药知识选择题，部分来自于Unit 1 ,4, 6, 7, 8, 14 中Text A的课后的课文内容理解选择题。
Unit 1BACDC DDCCCUnit 4 CCDDB BCCDCUnit 6 ACBDD CDBDCUnit 7 CAABC ADDDBUnit 8 DCDBB DCABCUnit 14 DDBBD CABCCPart V. 2个名词解释，anabolism(P8), The synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones.metabolism(P8), It means all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body , and includes all material and energy transformations that occur in the body.homeostasis(p8), The state maintenance of a constancy and balance in one’s internal environment.physiology(p8), The study of how living organisms work , the goal is to study the normal functions and their regular patterns of organs or organ systems of living organism .(P59) Pharmacokinetics deals with the absorption , distribution , biotransformation , and excretion of drugs.(P79) Bioavailability：The relative amount of an administered dose of a particular drug which reaches the systemic circulation intact and the rate at which this occurs is known as the bioavailability of that drug.(P93) Qualitative analysis deals with the identification of elements , ions , or compounds present in a sample.(P93) Quantitative analysis deals with the determination of how much of one or more constituents is present .Part V I. TranslationUnit One(1)The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily task is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.生理学成功解释了生物体如何进行他的日常活动，基于的观点是他们好比是结构复杂而灵活的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律的控制。
(2)Metabolism, excitability, adaptability and reproduction are the basic characteristics of life activity.新陈代谢、兴奋性、适应性和生殖性是生命活动的基本特征。
(3)If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.如果细胞外液的钾含量过多，心肌细胞会变得过度兴奋，并可能出现不规律的收缩。
(4)Signal transduction refers to the processes by which intercellular messengers (such as neurotransmitters, hormones and cytokines) which bind to specific receptors on or in the targetcell , and are converted into biochemical and /or electrical signals within that cell .信号转导是指细胞间信使(如神经递质、激素和细胞因子）与靶细胞上或靶细胞内的特定受体结合，并在细胞内转化为生化或电信号。
(5) A negative feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables.负反馈环需要某种传感器对不确定的变量产生应答，而不是对其他生理变量产生应答。
修正说明“in question”在这里表示不确定的。
(6) All cells of the body are surrounded by extracellular fluid and so extracellular fluid forms the internal environment of the body. A stable internal environment is necessary for normal cell function and survival of the living organs . Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady states in the body by coordinated physiological mechanism.人体的所有细胞都被细胞外液包围，因此细胞外液构成了人体的内部环境。
稳定的内环境对于细胞功能和活体器官的生存是必不可少的。
内稳态是通过协调生理机制维持体内的稳定状态。
(7) Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control . Negative feedback system work to restore the normal value of a variable and thus exert a stabilizing influence; while positive feedback amplifies the changes in order to finish the certain physiological process . Feedforward control mechanisms often sense a disturbance and can therefore take corrective action that anticipates changes.通常，生理变量的一致性要求反馈机制将输出信息反馈给控制系统，以便修改控制的性质。
负反馈系统用于恢复变量的正常值，从而产生稳定作用；而正反馈则放大这些变化以完成特定的生理过程。
前馈控制机制常常能感知到干扰，因此能够采取预见变化的纠正措施。
Unit Four(1)Such structure-activity relationships are an integral link in the analysis of drug action, and exploitation of these relationships among established therapeutic agents has often led to the development of better drugs.这种结构-活性关系是药物作用分析中不可缺少的环节，开发已建立的治疗剂之间的这些关系常常导致开发更好的药物。
(2) The student who attempts merely to memorize the pharmacodynamic properties of drugs is foregoing one of the best opportunities for correlating the entire field of preclinical medicine.那些仅仅试图记住药物药效学性质的学生是放弃了与整个临床前医学领域联系的最佳机会之一。
(3)However, the pharmacological evaluation of drugs in man may be limited for technical, legal, and ethical reasons, and the choice of drugs must be based in part on their pharmacological evaluation in animals.然而，由于技术、法律和伦理方面的原因，人体内药物的药理学评价可能受到限制，而药物的选择必须部分地基于其在动物体内的药理学评价。
(4)At one time, it was essential for the physician to have a broad botanical knowledge, since he had to select the proper plants from which to prepare his own crude medicinal preparations.有一段时间，医生必须有广泛的植物学知识，因为他必须选择合适的植物来制备他自己的粗制药物制剂。