.常用临床医学术语diseases疾病acute diseases急性病advanced diseases病沉重期，晚期疾病chronic diseases慢性病communicable diseases传染病complicating diseases并发病congenital diseases先天性疾病acquired diseases后天性疾病contagious diseases接触性传染病endemic diseases地方病epidemic diseases流行病functional diseases机能病、官能病infectious diseases传染病inherited diseases遗传病malignant diseases恶性病nutritional diseases营养病occupation diseases职业病organic diseases器质性病paroxysmal diseases阵发性病periodical diseases周期病primary(principal)diseases原发（主导）病secondary diseases继发病sexual(venereal, social)diseases性病terminal diseases绝症wasting diseases消耗性疾病chief complaint主诉clinical manifestation临床表现delivery history分娩史etiology病因学family history家族史history, medical history病史precipitating(induced)诱因marital status婚姻状况menstrual history月经史menarche初潮menopause闭经past history既往史pathogenesis发病机制personal history个人史symptoms症状cardinal symptom主要症状classical symptom典型症状concomitant symptom伴发症状constitutional(systemic) symptom全身症状indirect symptom间接症状induced symptom诱发症状local symptom局部症状mental symptom精神症状symptom-complex (syndrome)symptom综合症，症候群signs体征antecedent前驱征assident (accessory)副征commemorative后遗症sign of death死征diagnostic诊断征sign of disease病征subjective自觉征，主观征vein sign静脉征vital sign生命体征body length (height of the body)身高body weight体重barrel chest桶状胸cachexia恶病质compulsive position被动体位critical facies病危面容emaciation消瘦enophthalmos眼球下陷entropion睑内翻exophthalmos眼球突出flushed face面色潮红gain (loss) in weight增加（减轻）体重lock-jaw牙关紧闭lordosis脊柱前凸nasal ala flap鼻翼扇动nystagmus眼震obesity肥胖pallor苍白scolisis脊柱侧凸agitation焦急不安debility, weakness虚弱diaphoresis出汗，大量出汗dizziness, vertigo眩晕lassitude, fatigue无力，倦怠malaise不适night sweat盗汗numbness麻木rigor, chill寒冷，发冷perspiration, sweating出汗pruritus, itching痒，somasthenia躯体无力tingling麻刺感abscess脓肿acidosis酸中毒adhesion粘连alkalosis碱中毒allergy过敏coagulation defect凝血不良congestion充血dehydration脱水distention膨胀edema水肿embolism栓塞，栓塞形成fluid and electrolyte imbalance水电解质紊乱gangrene坏疽hematoma血肿hemorrhage, bleeding出血infarction梗塞，梗死infection传染inflammation炎症ketoacidosis酮酸中毒metastasis转移perforation穿孔necrosis坏死shock休克response反应，应答reaction反应，感应thrombosis血栓形成ulceration溃疡fever, pyrexia发烧，发热continuous fever稽留热intermittent fever间歇热low-grade fever低热remittent fever驰张热relapsing fever回归热pain痛burning pain灼痛chest(flank,…) pain胸（胁腹…）痛cramp-like pain痉挛性痛dull, diffused pain弥漫性钝痛pleuritic pain胸膜炎性痛radiating pain (pain radiating to…)放射性痛（放射到…疼痛）angina 绞痛cardiac angina心绞痛backache背痛colic绞痛，急腹痛earache耳痛headache头痛neuralgia神经痛migraine偏头痛rebound tenderness反跳痛somatalgia躯体痛sore throat咽喉痛stomachache胃痛toothache牙痛bloody sputum带血的痰cough咳嗽dry cough干咳expectoration咳痰expectoration of blood咳血hemoptysis咳血anoxia缺氧apnea呼吸暂停，窒息asthma气喘，哮喘Cheyne Stokes respiration切－斯氏呼吸，潮式呼吸dyspnea呼吸困难hyperpnea hyperventilation过度呼吸，换气过度hypopnea呼吸不全，呼吸浅表hypoxia低氧，缺氧orthopnea端坐呼吸respiratory arrest呼吸停止suffocation窒息tachypnea呼吸急促fetid breath口臭fruity breath呼吸有水果味arrhythmia心律失常，心律不齐atelectasis肺不张，肺膨胀不全cardiac arrest心搏骤停cardiac hypertrophy心脏肥大cyanosis发绀，青紫distension of jugular vein颈静脉怒张extrasystole期外收缩gallop rhythm奔马律hemopleura血胸hepatojugular reflux肝颈静脉回流hypovolemia（循环）血容量减少palpitation心悸tachycardia心动过速pneumothorax气胸thrill震颤absent breath sounds呼吸音消失dull sound浊音hyperresonant鼓音rale啰音rhonchus, rhonchi鼾音，干啰音wheeze哮鸣音anorexia, loss of appetite食欲不振，厌食dysphagia吞咽困难eructation嗳气belching嗳气flatulence气胀flatus肠胃气，屁gaseous distention胃胀气hematemesis呕血hiccough, hiccup打呃，呃逆nausea恶心pyrosis胃灼热regurgitation反胃，回流thirsty口渴vomiting呕吐anal fissure, crack in the anal canal肛裂ascites腹水board-like rigidity of the abdomen板状腹decreased tactile fremitus触觉性震颤减弱exophageal varices食管静脉曲张fistula瘘，瘘管hemorrhoid痔hernia疝hepatomegaly肝肿大intussusception肠套叠jaundice黄疸muscle guarding, defence of the abdominal wall腹壁肌卫peristalsis蠕动loss of peristalsis蠕动消失mass peristalsis总蠕动retrograde (reversed) peristalsis逆蠕动prolapse脱垂prolapse of anus脱肛rectal prolapse直肠脱垂，脱肛volvulus肠扭转calculus结石，石biliary calculus胆结石vesical calculus膀胱结石constipation便秘defecation排便diarrhea腹泻incontinence of feces大便失禁hematochezia便血fecal impaction大便嵌塞occult blood潜血painful straining with defecation排便痛性牵动clay colored stools陶土色便dark, granular/coffee ground emesis咖啡样呕吐物fecal vomiting, stercoraceous vomiting呕粪，吐粪foul fatty stools, steatorrhea恶臭脂肪便，脂肪痢scanty and hard stools便少而硬tarry (black) stools柏油样便anuria无尿burning sensation no urination排尿时的灼烧感dysurea排尿困难，尿痛enuresis, bed wetting遗尿frequency of urination尿频micturation排尿uresis, urination, voiding排尿nocturia夜尿oliguria少尿polyuria多尿tenesmus里急后重vesical tenesmus排尿时里急后重uremia coma尿毒症昏迷urgency of urination尿急urinary incontinence尿失禁aciduria酸尿chyluria乳糜尿cylindruia管型尿glycosuria糖尿hematuria血尿ketonuria酮尿pneumatinuria气尿proteinuria蛋白尿pyuria脓尿amenorrhea经闭，无月经dysmenorrhea痛经menorrhagia月经过多lochia恶露menorrhea行经，月经过多menstruation月经uterine contraction子宫收缩blotch斑点bruise挫伤，青肿acne痤疮，粉刺desquamation脱皮，脱屑ecchymosis瘀斑loss of skin turgor失去皮肤充盈nevus痣papule丘疹petechia瘀点，瘀斑pigmentation色素沉着pustule脓疱purpura紫癫red nodule红结节roseola玫瑰疹scar伤疤senile plaque老人斑spider anaioma蛛形痣subcutaneous nodule皮下结节urticaria荨麻疹vesicle小水疱vitiligo白斑blindness失明blurred vision, visual disturbance视力模糊impaired vision视力下降lacrimation流泪papilledema视神经乳头水肿photophobia畏光，羞明retinal detachment视网膜脱离deafness聋hearing loss听力丧失tinnitus耳鸣epistaxis, nasal bleeding鼻出血impaired smelling嗅觉障碍nasal discharge鼻涕nasal obstruction鼻塞sneeze喷嚏snore打鼾aphonia, loss of voice失音症hoarseness嘶哑gum bleeding齿龈出血herpes labialis唇疱疹，感冒疮Koplik’s spots科普利克斑lead line of the gum龈铅线salivation, drooling流口水straw-berry tongue草莓舌tremulous tongue舌震颤atrophy萎缩contracture挛缩deformity畸形，变形dislocation脱位fracture骨折closed (simple)fracture无创骨折，单纯性骨折comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折compound fracture哆开（开放性）骨折knock-knee膝外翻opisthotonos角弓反张prosthesis假体spasm痉挛tetany (肌)强直，手足抽搦wrist drop腕下垂aphasia失语ataxia共济失调coma昏迷consciousness知觉，意识convulsion抽搐，惊厥delirium谵妄delusion妄想faint昏厥hallucination幻觉hemiplegia偏瘫increased intracranial pressure颅内压增高insanity精神错乱loss of orientation定向丧失mania躁狂memory defects, amnesia记忆缺损，遗忘症paraplegia截瘫，下身麻痹projectile vomiting喷射性呕吐somnolence, (lethargy)昏睡，嗜睡stupor木僵，昏呆tetraplegia四肢瘫痪unconsciousness失去知觉yawning打哈欠crisis危象cerebral (febrile, hematic, hemolytic,hypertensive, thyrotoxic, ...) crisis脑（热、血性、溶血、高血压、甲状腺中毒…）危象failure衰竭，故障central (circulatory, cardiac, myocardiac, peripheral, congestive, renal, respiratory) failure中枢（循环、心力、心肌、周围循环、充血性、肾、呼吸…）衰竭diagnosis诊断auscultation听诊inspection视诊palpation触诊percussion叩诊laboratory examination实验室检查physical examination体格检查rectal (vaginal) touch直肠（阴道）指诊impression印象tentative diagnosis暂定诊断differential diagnosis鉴别诊断final diagnosis最后诊断prognosis预后prescription处方incubation (latent) period潜伏期prodromal stage前驱期incipient stage初期quiescent stage静止期alleviation减轻，缓和remission缓解attack发作convalescence (recovery) stage恢复期rehabilitation康复relapse复发sudden death猝死moribund濒死的course of the disease病程course of the treatment疗程indication适应症，指征complication并发症contraindication禁忌症side-effect副作用sequel (sequela), after effect后遗症therapies治疗方法acupuncture therapy针刺疗法block therapy封闭疗法chemical therpy (chemo-therapy)化学疗法combined therapy综合疗法conservative therapy保守疗法constitutional therapy全身疗法dietetic therapy饮食疗法operative treatment手术疗法palliative treatment, alleviative treatment姑息疗法physical therapy物理疗法psychotherapy精神疗法radical treatment根治radio-therapy放射性疗法supporting treatment支持疗法symptomatic treatment对症疗法cardiac massage心脏按摩cardiac pacing心脏起博electrotherapy电疗法electroshock treatment电休克疗法hemodialysis血液透析hyperbaric therapy高压氧疗法insulin-shock treatment胰岛素休克疗法light therapy光疗法therapeutic gymnastics医疗体育。