文化背景知识和翻译[Abstract] It is agreed that language is a component of culture and reflects it; translation is not only the linguistic but also the communication of cultures. Culture background knowledge is concerned with geographic chatacteristics,historical ,tradition, social customs ,religion arts and other aspects of a society. Also it conditions the psychological make-up of individuals. Therefore, target language readers may experience culture shock from translations do not properly deal with the factors of cultures as a result of their lack of cultural background knowledge, This paper discusses the influence of knowledge of cultures on translation, and concludes that translators should have a vast and precise understanding of the two cultures concerned.[Key Words] culture; translation; cultural background knowledge[摘要] 语言不仅是文化的组成部分，也是文化的反映形式。

翻译不仅仅是语言间的转换，而且是文化间的交流活动。

文化背景知识涉及历史、地理特征、传统、社会风俗、宗教、艺术以及社会的各个方面。

同时，文化背景知识也影响了社会成员的心理结构。

因此，如果翻译者缺乏文化背景知识并因此不能恰当处理好原文中的文化因素，译文读者可能要面对激烈的文化冲击。

本文将主要讨论译者文化背景知识对翻译的影响。

最后得出结论：翻译者应该对相关的两种文化都有广泛而深入的认识。

[关键词] 文化；翻译；文化背景知识1. IntroductionAccording to the tradition theory of translation, people considered translating activities as a process of transfer between two languages. In the 1970s, the study of translation tended to develop in several directions. It was no longer restricted to the tradition aesthetic and linguistic study and become cultural rethinking.According to the theories of Mary Snell-Hornby, Bassnett and Lefevere, we can conclude that translation is to present in another culture the meaning and implication that the text has in a specific cultural context. In nature, translation is a kind of communication between cultures. During the process of translation, the interpretation and expression of the connotation of culture emerge as problems to be solved at the first place. That requires the translators not only should have bilingual abilities but also should have the knowledge of two cultures of, even several cultures. In 1993, Nida pointed out that, for the truly successful translation, the knowledge of two cultures is more important than the bilingual ability. [1]E.B.Tylor, an anthropologist, thought culture is a complicated gathering, including knowledge, belief, arts, moral standards, law, customs and all the abilities and habits of individuals as members of a society.[2] The scope of culture is extremely wide-ranging .Language is the reflection of culture .Any kind of language bases on the ground of certain culture. So, the cultural characteristics of language include the way of thinking, psychological make-up, historical,tradition, social customs, believes and geographic features that the language reflects. To understand the source language and the original text, translators have to analyze those cultural characteristics of a language.2. Culture and languageCulture is a complicated system including and influencing almost all the aspects of life in a society. The language that the society uses is no exception. However, language also influences culture. Language and culture influences each other and reflects each other.2.1 Culture and languageE. B. Tylor, an anthropologist, said that culture is a complicated combination including knowledge, belief, arts, ethics, laws, customs and the ability and habits of individuals as members of a society. Here knowledge refers to academic subjects, both scientific and not scientific, for example, mathematics and linguistics. Belief could be divided into two sorts, political and religious, which are different among peoples and often course different comprehension and even conflicts. Examples are Christianity in the west countries and Islam in the Muslin countries. Arts comprise painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, opera, dancing, music etc. (Some people maintain that film is also a sort of the arts.) Ethics is a set of principles that people use to decide what is right and what is wrong.The scope of culture is not measurable. Language is a part of it. All languages grow on the ground of certain cultures.[3] Different languages are not just used, but also created in different cultural situations. Thus languages bear their characteristics in accordance with those of specific cultures. To understand the language appropriately, we have to analyze the cultural characteristics of it. Language is a system of sounds, words, patterns, ect used by human‟s to communicate thoughts and feelings. We begin our preview of language by noting that it is impossible to separate our use of language from our culture. In its most basic sense, language is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbols that are used and understood by a large community of people. When we study another language, we soon discover that not only are the symbols (words) and sounds for those symbols different, but also are the rules (phonology, grammar, syntax and intonation) for using those symbols and sounds.Word differences are obvious in various languages. In English, we live in a house. In Spanish, we live in a casa. In Tai, we live in a ban. Phonology also varies culturally. In English, we have 21 consonants and 5 vowels and combine to form 38 various phonemes. Vietnamese has 34 segmental phonemes consisting of vowels, semi-vowels and consonants. The Filipino language has 21 consonants and 13 vowels that form 26 phonemes. Grammatical structures are unique to each language as well. In English, we have singular and plural nouns and pronouns, but in Korean, the distinction between singular and plural is made by the context of the sentence. In English, verb tenses express contrast between past, present, and future acts, but in Vietnamese, the same verb reflects all three and the time of the action is inferred from the context. Syntax, or the word order and structure in the sentence, also varies depending on the language. The normal word order for simple sentences in Vietnamese is the reverse of the word order in English. That is, the predicate is followed by the subject. For example, the English sentence "The teacher died" would be"Namatay ang guro" or "Died the teacher" in Filipino. In English the subject is followed by a verb and then an object, but in Japanese, the subject is followed by the object and then the verb. So in English we might say, "John saw the dog." but in Japanese, "John the dog saw" would be correct.[4]These examples indicate that if we want to communicate in another language, it is important for us to know not only the symbols (words) of that language, but also the rules for using those symbols. As we know, language is much more than symbol and rule system that allow us to communicate with other person——language also shape the process by which people become introduced to the order of the physical and social environment.2.2 Relationship between language and cultureLanguage and culture influence each other, reflect each other and co-exist with each other. Different cultures result in different language. Different languages in turn cause different communicative patterns and finally differences between cultures.Language and its cultural influence are exemplified in the theoretical formulations of theSapir-Whorf hypothesis, which states that Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people‟s perception and the way they categorize experiences. This hypothesis implies that proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. That is to say, different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently [5]. Sapir wrote: Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of the expression of their society... The real world is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached.A good illustration of this point is the word snow in Eskimo and English. The Eskimos have countless words for snow. For them snow is extremely important and so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditions is named. In English-speaking cultures, snow is far less important and the simple word snow usually suffices the needs. When some needs become more specific, however, longer phrases can be made up to meet these needs: "corn snow", "fine powder snow ", and "drifting snow". Once again this proves that there is a connection between the words a culture selects and the ideas and things of that culture. In short, each culture presents to its members, either consciously or subconsciously through words, the ideas and concepts that culture transmits from generation to generation [6].Another instance of how language defines experience can be seen in the Navajo language, which emphasis the nature and the direction of movement. Rather than saying, "One dresses," the Navajo would say, one move into clothing." Instead of saying, "One is young," the Navajo would say, "One moves about newly." Language is one aspect of the Navajo nature that coincides with the notion of universe in motion.Although complete acceptance of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis may be controversial, its application of culture and language is clear: language is the reflection of culture, and culture is a shape oflanguage. We have seen that culture influences language by way of symbols and rules as well as our perception of the universe. Equally important is the fact that meaning shifts from culture to culture.2.3 Different language and culture lead to different communicative patternChinese communication pattern and use of language are similar to those of Japanese and Koreans. The Chinese tend to be situation-oriented and to view events in relation to the totality. For the Chinese, this total view, an is-or-is-not polarity is avoided. In English, people and thing are placed in a continuum—big and small, good and bad, black and white. For the Chinese, middle values are articulated and a reciprocal relationship between the two extremes is emphasized. For example, the Chinese may refer to love and hate as deference and politeness, they would like to say:”我对她有点意思!”instead of “我爱她!”, and”我懒得理他!”instead of “我讨厌他!”. This focus on the quality of the continuum is a reflection of the Chinese belief in the principle of nature, yin (passive) and yang (active). This polite principle combines to produce everything that comes to be. It makes people more concordant and avoids the communication conflict.We have alluded to the fact that the use of direct and indirect language is a major linguistic difference between North Americans and many Asian cultures, such as the Chinese. Most North Americans learn to say yes and no as a means of expressing their individual views. Being a collective culture, the Chinese usually use yes and no to express the respect for the feeling of the others. In other words, to say yes for no or no for yes is largely a reflection of the indirect approach to communication. For example, Chinese and English have a different answer for “you are not a student, are you?” For the Chinese students, he will answer:“不，我是学生。