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第九章长句翻译(学生用)

第九章汉语长句的翻译汉语是以分析形式为主的语言,句子结构比较松散。

有时一个句子里存在不少并列成分,但并没有连接词把其中的逻辑关系明显地表现出来。

英语是以综合形式为主的语言,句子结构比较严谨,各个句子成分之间的逻辑关系需要明确彰显。

两种语言在语法结构上的差异加大了长句翻译的难度。

(1)顺译法。

这种方法多用于单一主语的长句,但要分清句中的信息重心。

汉语的信息重心在许多情况下不体现在形式上,而体现在内在逻辑关系上。

而英语句子很注重信息的主次之分,主要信息放在突出位置,次要信息作为辅助性的描写或叙述手段。

所以汉译英时,应该把汉语隐性主次关系发掘出来,译成英语的主次表达方式。

通常,汉语中表示“结果、行为动作、推论结论、本质、目的”的部分会译成英语的主句或谓语部分;汉语中表示“时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、方法、手段、状态、说明、解释、非本质、修饰、否定”的部分,在英语中则以从句或非谓语动词的形式体现。

例1:原文:当他活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。

(2005年真题)译文:As long as they are living, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.例2:原文:…一旦隔离,拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里,顿感被打入冷宫,十分郁郁不得志起来。

(2003年真题)译文:Once I was deposed into a cold palace on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.例3:原文:我在山坡的小屋里,悄悄掀起窗帘,窥见园中大千世界,一片喧闹。

(2003年真题)译文:Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden.例4:原文:其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的,这使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。

(1999年真题)译文:Half of them have come to Vancouver area the past five years only, making it the largest Chinese settlement outside Asia.分析:原文中“这使…聚居地”是华人移民的结果,故而译为现在分词短语。

例5:原文:我的导师是个亚裔人,嗜烟好酒,脾气暴躁…(1997年真题)译文:My superior, an Asian American with a hot temper, was addicted to smoking and drinking.分析:原文的信息重心为“嗜烟…暴躁”,确定为主干,从而将“是个亚裔人”译为同位语。

例6:原文:中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切,在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位,而非绝对统治万物的主宰。

(2006年真题)译文:Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times, whose behavior in both philosophy and arts takes a rather appropriate proportion with all others in the natural world, but not as an absolute dominant ruler.分析:这句话结构比较复杂,第一句为主句,后面的小句是对第一句话的补充说明,省略了主语“中国民族”,可以用whose引导的定语从句来处理,简化句子结构。

(2)分句合译一般来说,英语句子要比汉语句子长,具有更大的容量。

因此,在汉译英时有必要,也有可能吧汉语的两个或更多的句子译成一个英语句子。

例1:原文:钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动,有益于身心健康。

(2001年真题)译文1:Fishing is an outdoor sport that can help cultivate your mind and it is good for mental and physical health.译文2:Fishing is an edifying activity, conductive to both the body and the mind.例2:原文:一个人的生命究竟有多大意义,这有什么标准可以衡量吗?(2005年真题)译文:Could there be any standards to evaluate the meaning of one s life?分析:“衡量”的宾语是前一个分句,即“生命的意义”,因此两个分句整合译为一句。

例3:原文:求学是一件艰苦的事情,许多人不能忍受那必经的艰苦,所以不能成功。

译文:To learn, actually, is to experience the indispensable pain and those who cannot get it over with can not become learned.分析:原文中“求学…事情”与“许多人…成功”在语义和逻辑上较为紧凑,可将该句译为一个并列句。

(3)断句分译汉语多流水句,一个长句中可能有多个主语,英语中一句话只能有一个主语,因此应当把长句拆开来翻译。

例1:原文:一个春天的傍晚,园中百花怒放,父母在园中设宴,霎时宾客云集,笑语四溢。

(2003年真题)译文:One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. Instantly, a crowd of guests gathered together and their laughter was heard all over there.例2:原文:这次到台湾访问交流,虽然行程匆匆,但是,看了不少地方,访了旧友,交了新知,大家走到一起,谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。

(1998年真题)译文:The current visit to Taiwan for exchange,brief and cursory as it is,has enabled us to see many places,to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.An important topic for discussing at our gatherings was the prosperity of Chinese nation in the 21st century.(4)主、次信息句在汉语中,有时两个或两个以上的不同主语的句子在表面上是并列的,没有主从或偏正关系,但实际上有内在的逻辑关联和主次之分,因此不宜断句分译,而应把主要信息译为完整的句子,把次要信息以独立结构的形式体现。

例1:原文:在世纪之交的伟大时代,我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强,海峡两岸人民也将加强交流,共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。

(1998年真题)译文1:At the turn of the century, our motherland is becoming more prosperous and powerful. People across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of their motherland.译文2:At the turn of the century, as our motherland is becoming more prosperous and powerful, people across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of their motherland.译文3:At the turn of the century, our motherland becoming more prosperous and powerful, people across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of their motherland.分析:这个句子有三种处理方式。

可以根据分句的不同主语,断句分译,译为两个独立的句子;也可以根据信息重心的主次,将次要信息“我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强”译为时间状语从句或者独立结构。

例2:原文:很难说他什么时候回家,我得上床睡觉了。

译文:There being no telling when he wil be home, I’ll have to go to bed now.例3:原文:这位民族英雄没有死,他的故事照亮了千百万人的心。

译文:This national hero lives on, his story lighting up the hearts of millions of people.(5)变序法汉语重逻辑顺序,在世界上重先后顺序,在逻辑上重前因后果;二英语既可以按顺序排列句内语义成分,也可逆序排列。

汉译英时,许多情况要调整语序,以符合英语表达习惯。

例1:我们为了顾全大局,于同年秋末在第三方的调停下,开诚布公地多次强烈要求贵方赔偿我们的一切损失。

With the third party acting as an intermediary, to take the interest of the whole into account, we strongly demand with frankness and sincerity many times at the end of the autumn of the sane year that you should compensate all our losses.练习:1.我原来计划今年二月访问美国,后来不得不推迟,这使我感到很扫兴(变序法)2. 中国是个大国,百分之八十的人口从事农业,但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一,其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。

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