Artistic Techniques
Stream of consciousness The interior monologue: to explore the nature of human consciousness Yoknapatawpha county 约克纳帕塔法世 系 (Local Colorism 乡土文学) Multiple points of view Disruption of time sequence Symbolism and mythological and biblical allusion Technical experimentation
《修女安魂曲》（Requiem for a Nun）（1951） 1930年代中，为了赚钱他出版了低俗小说类型的《圣 殿》（Sanctuary）。其中邪恶、堕落腐败的主题（伴 随浓厚的南方哥特风格）在今日仍然影响着通俗文学。 此书续作《修女安魂曲》是他唯一出版的戏剧 《寓言》（A Fable ）（1954） 《掠夺者》（The Reivers）（1962）
Southern renaissance
It was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of writers By 1920’s, a literary movement known as the Southern Renaissance emerged. There was a domination of southern literature for at least 4 decades in America literature.
Katherine Anne Porter,
Allen Tate, Tennessee Williams, Robert Penn Warren
Characteristics of southern literature
Southern literature can be defined as literature about the South, written by authors who were raised in the South. --- Characteristics of southern literature are: a. The importance of family, sense of community, and religion. b. The importance of time and place, exploration of the past, sense of human limitation (moral dilemma). c. The use of southern voice and dialect. Most of the novels are written as a Southerner actually speaks. Many books also describe the historical importance of the southern town.
20世纪的二三十年代，南方呈现出文化、文学上的空前 繁荣，产生了一大批杰出的作家,诗人、戏剧家、学 者、文学理论家和批评家，甚至连风靡世界的爵士音 乐也产生于此时的南方。
Southern renaissance
Representatives:
William Faulkner,
Caroline Gordon, Elizabeth Madox Roberts,
意识流小说家为了加强象征性的效果， 有时采用诗歌和音乐的手段。他们广泛 运用意象比喻、乐章结构、节奏韵律、 标点符号甚至离奇的拼写方式来暗示人 诗化和音乐 物在某一瞬间的感受、印象、精神状态 化 或作品寓意。伍尔芙的《海浪》的语言 就和意象派诗歌非常相似。乔伊斯的 《尤利西斯》第十一章“海妖”则运用 了巴赫赋格曲的结构。
人物的意识流表现不出任何规律和次序。其意识一 般只能在一个问题/一种事物上作短暂逗留，头脑中 的事物常因外部客观事物的突然出现而被取代；眼 前任何一种能刺激五官的事物都有可能打断人物的 思路，激发新的思绪与浮想，释放一连串的印象和 感触。
自由联想
蒙太奇
蒙太奇是电影中用来表现事物多重性的 一系列手法，如“多视角”、“慢镜 头”、“特写镜头”、“闪回”等等。 意识流小说家为了突破时空的限制，表 现意识流动的多变性、复杂性，经常采 用这类手法。对这一手法采用最多的意 识流作家包括弗吉尼亚· 伍尔芙和威 廉· 福克纳。
《塔门》（Pylon）（1935） 《押沙龙,押沙龙! 》（Absalom, Absalom!） （1936） 通过几个人的叙述与分析来表现庄园主托马斯·萨德 本的盛衰史。该作具有史诗结构和浓郁的悲剧气氛。 Short Story collection: The Unvanquished, 《不败者》(1938) 《野棕榈》（If I Forget Thee Jerusalem (The Wild Palms/Old Man)）（1939） Trilogy of the Snopes family商人家庭三部曲 The Hamlet (1940) 《村子》 The Town (1957) 《小镇》 The Mansion (1959)《大宅》 《去吧，摩西》（Go Down, Moses）（1942） 《闯入坟墓的人》（Intruder in the Dust）
所谓“内心分析”，是指小说中的叙事人或人物很 理智的对自己的思想和感受进行分析追索，并且是 在并无旁人倾听的情况下进行的。它与“内心独白” 的区别在于它以理性为指引作出合乎逻辑的有条理 的推理或说明，而非任意识自然流动。普鲁斯特的 《寻找失去的时间》（一译《追忆似水年华》）中 就大量运用这种手法。英美有些研究者断然否认普 鲁斯特是意识流小说家，主要就是因为他的“内心 独白”只是受到理性控制的“内心分析”，而不是 意识彻底的自然流动。
Major themes in Faulkner’s Works
1. history and race He explains the present by examining the past, by telling the stories of several generations of family to show how history changes life. He was interested in the relationship between blacks and whites, especially concerned about the problems of the people who were of the mixed race of black and white, unacceptable to both races. 2. Deterioration 堕落 3. Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment 4. Horror, violence and the abnormal
William Faulkner (1897-1962)福克纳
Contents
1.Southern Literature 2. Major Works 3.Artistic Techniqulorism
Southern Literature
埃杜阿· 杜雅尔丹 （1861～1949）
19世纪末，法国作家埃杜 阿· 杜雅尔丹发表了小说《被 砍倒的月桂树》。该作因始终 运用“内心独白”艺术手法， 被后人视为意识流文学的先声。 意识流文学的奠基者是马塞 尔· 普鲁斯特。他是20世纪法 国最伟大的小说家，意识流文 学的先驱与大师。 其代表作七卷本长篇小 说《追忆似水年华》实 践了作者“主观真实论” 的艺术观，是“单纯型” 意识流文学的范本。这 部作品为意识流文学打 下了发展的基础。
William Faulkner
I. Major Works
19 novels and 4 volumes of short stories (75), two volumes of poetry WF’s works are regarded as the summit of Southern literature. The Yoknapatawpha saga (“约克纳帕托法世 系”小说) the rise and fall of southern aristocratic families: the Compsons（康普生 家族）, the Sartorises（沙多里斯家族）, The Sutpens, the McCaslins, the Snopeses
The South:
Virginia Kentucky North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Tennessee Mississippi Louisiana Arkansas Texas
Major themes of Southern Literature:
The belief in the heroism and morality of the South's "Lost Cause" was a driving force in Southern literature between the Civil War and WWI. The Southern Renaissance changed this by addressing three major themes in their works: 1)the burden of history. 2) the South's conservative culture, 3)the South's troubled history Family, history, the land, religion, guilt, identity, death, the search for the redemptive meaning of life