英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型（第三版）基本词汇1.与时间相关的(1)no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days(2)at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)(3)for a given exposure time(4)…increased with age.(5)for different time span.(6)After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.(7)…throughout the entire test period.(8)It will decrease as time passes.(9)in a time interval t0≤t≤t0+T(10)in the mid-1950s2. 表示增加或下降的(1)An increase in the FA content decreased the…(2)…decrease with increase in…(3)…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.(4)As …is lowered.(5)augment(6)The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be relatedto …(7)…develop at an increasing rate with time(8)the total absorbed fracture energy is increased mitigating catastrophic phenomena(9)…decreased the roof temperature on hot summer afternoons by 7.2 ℃.(10)…increased by a factor of 10000 from 1millisecond to 10 seconds, and the SNR improved by the same factor(11)…increased from 1 millisecond, to 0.1 seconds, by a factor of 100.(12)ramp up(13)attenuation /undergo relatively high attenuation(14)decay(15)the …is accelerated at higher temperature and less prominent at lower temperatures.(16)with a rise in…(17)A increases by steps with increasing B.3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定(1)probably due to…(2) A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is(3)This might be attributed to…(4)…depends on the two main mechanisms(5)…is a common cause of(6)…is the essential parameter governing the…(7)…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacialmaterial toughening mechanism.(8)the cause of this resides in …(9)Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to theamount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.(10)owing to…(11)deterministic(12)thanks to…(13)depends upon(14)…is governed by…4. 表示展示(1)exhibit(2)illustrate(3)present(4)reflect(5)depict(6)…is plot in…(7)describe(8)highlight(9)showcase5. 表示某种掺量(1)high volume fly ash(2)contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitiousmaterials)(3)for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.(4)…increase the amount of fly ash in concrete(5)as partial cement replacement materials(6)with partial fly ash substitution are investigated.(7)the dosage of fly ash(8)with a certain amount of fly ash added6. 性能的词汇(1)mechanical property(2)transport property(3)workability(4)flexibility(5)sustainability(6)serviceability7. 表示测试(1)examine8. 表示超过(1)exceed9. 有关图片或表格的(1)As seen from Table 2,(2)The result of…are presented in Table 4.(3) A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)(4)…was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.(5)Sketch of the experimental setup(6)△T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9(7)Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.(8)Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of the test equipment.(9) A typical Load and AE cumulative hits vs. Time curve is shown in Fig. 4a.(10)the chemical structure of which is shown in Fig. 1a.(11)(as indicated in Table 2)(12)Fig. 3 shows a schematic of the testing configuration and sample pictures.(13)Details shown in Fig. 4, coming from the case study in Miami, USA, present an R square value of 0.9995 for theregression of a straight line.(14)Inspection schemes(15)top view/front view(16)Schematic description of the laboratory experimental configuration(17)upper left image/lower right image(18)can be represented graphically as in Figure 1.(19)the trend of loss in amplitude was observed identical to that in Fig.10(20)the photograph of the…(21)surface temperature 3-D profile of the…(22)3-D profile for different pulse length durations and from different lamp locations(23)A three-dimensional surface temperature profile was produced to enhance the cracked area in this specimen.(24)contour plot for…(25)It can be easily observed that(26)the photograph of the experimental set up…(27)Fig. 1a and 2(28)Remark: this figure was modified according to [1] and [3](29)The tends in Fig.4 were initially steep and became moderate after reaching a transition point.(30)These changes are apparent in Fig. 5 for LCA and Fig. 9 for NND(31)distinguish the unique signatures(32)The reproducibility of the results is demonstrated by the similar result obtained for CCN10. 至于，对于…而言, 关于(1)As for(2)In the case of…(3)in respect to/with respect to…(4)Concerning the mechanical behaviour, …(5)In relation to…11. 表示比较，对比(1)The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FAreplacement.(2)As compared to…(3)A…is higher than when it substitutes…(4)in contrast to…(5)Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intactspecimens.(6)…is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.(7)The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dryspecimens.(8) a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because…(9)Their research confirmed that a high chloride binding capacity was found in a higher calcium aluminate cementthan in a lower calcium aluminate cement(10)…when compared with…(11). …is many times less intense than…(12)… is comparable to or greater than…12. 表示效果更明显(1)The effect was more pronounced with increased…(2)dominant(3)have determinant impact on…13. 表示结构或材料致密(1)matrix densification(2)pore structure densification(3)the pore system becomes finer and less connected(4)looser microstructure14. 影响(1)Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on…(2)…seemed to be insensitive to…(3)become decisive for the durability of the concrete(4)The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications.(5)Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on(6), with potential implications on…(7)…has been shown to have appreciable affect on…(8)how…affects the…(9)…to be of minor or negligible significance15. 因此(1)Consequently,(2)As a result,(3)For this reason(4)Resultingly,16. 表示评价，评估, 解释(1)quantify(2)evaluate(3)assess(4)interpret(5)elucidate17. 表示相同,类似,一致(1)…were nearly same.(2) A behave like B(3) A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).(4)It has also been found that concrete exposed to concentrated CaCl2deteriorated in a similar pattern to thoseexposed to MgCl2, although at a slower and less severe pace.(5)The material and geometry of the specimen used in this experiment was identical to that for the specimendescribed in section 2.2.(6)…is proposed as an approximation to the…(7)in analogy to…(8)The measurements on the specimen A2 also showed signals similar to those obtained for the specimen A1.(9)…was highly inconsistent with…(10)Analogous to the…,(11)showed good agreement with the findings of(12)This is a strong simplification of…(13)by analogy with the treatment given in…(14)In the case of AD2 (delamination) similar conclusion can be drawn from Fig.318. 某种程度，数量(1)the extent of the reduction(2)when there is significant quantity of heating days in a year(3)…cause varying degrees of localized damage or defacement(4)undergo a modest seismic event19. 某些配比(1)water to binder ratios (W/B)(2)weight to strength ratio(3)The water to cement ratio by mass was 0.5.(4)the mix ratio of concrete was water: cement: sand: aggregate = 0.45:1:2.52:3.21 (by weight)(5)signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)(6)the volumetric ratio of epoxy:GFRP was 0.645:0.35520. 表示抵制(1)high resistance to(2)resistance against carbonation21. 方程，公式(1)in Eq.(1).(2)Eqs.(2)-(7):(3)the left-hand side of Equation (5.3) has to be augmented by + (h2)(4)By substituting Equation (5.7) into Equation(5.3), we obtain…(5)Dividing Eq.(1) through by m results in(6)ds can be approximated as…(7)expanding Eq.(1) yields(8)Now, using the well-known identitycosAsinB=cos(A+B)+cos⁡(A−B)2(9)Using the orthogonality relation,A+B=C(10)Eq.(6) indicates that the beam power is independent of z and …(11)Eq.(6) turns out to be…(12)the width of…is given by…(13)Eq.(12) can be simplified to be…(14)mark;(15)Substitution of Eq. (1) into the Eq.(2) yields the equation of…(16)A is obtained by inserting this expression in Eq. (1).(17)22. 参考文献(1)this was also confirmed by several studies […](2)This result was also confirmed by previous research.(3)…, which has been quantified in […].(4)Similar results were reported by other researchers […](5)This is consistent with other reports.(6)Based on the previous studies[…](7)in the open literature/in previous publications(8)Numerous surveys have indicated that(9)In the study of research(10)from the review of the literature(11)…have been quoted in lit erature.(12)In particular there is also published work about real time monitoring…(13)Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning thedurability of(14)concrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in [1–6] and references therein.(15)We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to[7,12–14] for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to [15,16] for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.(16)In a study undertaken by …, it was shown that…[7].(17)Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the …, e.g. [1-3](18)A more detailed review is available from our previous publication [4].(19)Cores were removed from the concrete according to the ASTM C42/C 42M (2004) Standard Test Method ofObtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete. The compression testing was conducted in accordance with the ASTM C873/C873M-04e1 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders.(20)An overview of publications on the use of…is given in Philippidis and Assimakopoulou [1].(21)This includes applications of acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonics, acousto-ultrasonics and elastic guided waves,as summarized in [1].(22), as documented in the parallel destructive study performed by our team [2](23)Previous studies have addressed this issue [1-4], most of which attempt to…(24)Further details on various methods may be obtained by perusing various references [](25)It was Irwin [1-4] who introduce the concept of…(26)most of the published work in this regard concentrated on…(27)this paper can be regarded as an extension of the author's other paper.23. 缺陷，缺点，不足，问题(1)Another explanation for…lies in…(2)there are certain limitations(3)they suffer from serious limitations of(4)When applied to…, limitations include the need to…(5)The rapid introduction of new materials…creates challenges of…One of the most critical points is the…(6)Despite the great potential, there have been no systematic studies that examine how the size and resonance modeaffect a cantilever’s mass detection sensitivity.(7)…pose challenging problems of …(8)…is not constrained by…(9)The main obstacle in development of…is…(10)its major drawback(11)Such solution may be problematic(12)A drawback to… is that…24. 表示变化,转变(1)modifications and variations(2)an altered matrix microstructure(3)transformations(4)the tensile cracking events give their place gradually to the shear mode due to…25. 根据…(1)based on the procedure outlined in […](2)procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192(3)Tests have been performed on the material s constituents following relevant test standards[…](4)…are based on the fundamental principle that…(5)on the basis of…(6)obey(7)…is based upon26. 情况不同，现象不同(1)…might have lead to different observations(2)…demonstrate a significant deviation from…(3)…deviate significantly from…27. 研究意义,重要的(1)The understanding of… is a crucial step.(2)The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-sitehealth monitoring of strengthened masonry structures.(3)…have made FRPs an efficient solution for strengthening purpose(4)it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance andto elongate its lifetime.(5)NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions fordifferent inspection purposes.(6)…imperative(7)show great potential to do…(8)… is of great importance and is the research subject of many scientists.(9)further investigations regarding the application of FRP laminates… are very vital.28. 关系密切，相关性(1)…is closely related to…(2)... is closely linked to…(3)…is connected to…(4)The correlation between…and…(5)…is correlated to…(6)…is intrinsically dependent on …(7)…is associated with…29. 研究领域的缺乏(1)efforts in the direction of…are very limited.(2)Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the…(3)there is no common understanding about the effect of…(4)Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner…, further investigation is still regular.(5)Actual data on…is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to thedesigner.(6)Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate…(7)Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructivebond quality monitoring are still open.(8)However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that areinherent in applying the AE technique to the assessment of …(9)actual strength prediction was seldom accomplished(10)No explanation was determined for this in the course of this research.(11)Moreover, no information regarding the use of… in… was provided.(12)but little effort seems to have been expended to investigating…30. 侵入，渗入(1)penetration(2)carbonation propagation(3)chloride diffusing/contamination(4)moisture entrapment31. 如前所述(1)As aforementioned,(2)As already specified (stated),(3)as stated above/earlier(4)As mentioned previously/as previously described32. 建立(1)establish(2)construct33. 与…结合(1)in conjunction with(2) A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable oflocating and measuring defects in matwrials.(3)non-contact low- and high-frequency measurements(4)…by the integration of … and…34. 破坏(1)environmental induced defects(2)matrix cracking(3)surface buckling(4)delamination/debonding(5)fibre shear-out(6)fibre rupture/fibre breakage(7)the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner(8)laminate separation(9)fiber pullout(10)concrete crumbling(11)disbonds(12)catastrophic failure(13)damage area of the GFRP-concrete surface covering the areas of cracks(14)imperfections(15)the region of FRP detached from the concrete substrate(16)concrete anomalies(17)wrinkle(18)air bubble(19)35. 期望,需要(1)It is anticipated that…/It is envisioned that/It is conceivable that…(2)There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacityconfers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.(3)This requires the elastic modulus of thin soft films to be measured reliably.(4)An optimized material development demands reliable characterization methods to evaluate progress andbackstrokes.(5)more concrete samples need to be tested in order to validate the findings(6)…will necessitate investigation of all ways to reduce energy use.(7)…become increasingly urgent due to…36. 后面介绍，随后提及(1)…is further dis cussed in the following section.(2)…, as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.(3)The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.(4)…for the reason indicated below37. 成为一种可能(1)…have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures,providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.38．优点(1)It has the advantages of being contact-free and unaffected by(2)the advantages and limitations of non-destructive testing over destructive testing39. 应用,服役,可用(1)Matrix cracking is one of the major damage mechanisms encountered in FRP composites during service.(2)The model also proved applicable for…(3)has emerged as a popular method for…40. 补充，辅助(1)AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement othermethods in the investigation of damage progression.(2)…are generated as an equivalent substitute for…(3)…which supply a good basis for further research and application(4)…were implemented as a base for…41. 转折,尽管如此(1)Albeit interesting trends were revealed, developed procedures relied on limited experimental data sets.(2)Notwithstanding…(3)in spite of…42．增强，提高(1)betterment(2)to advance the…(3)upgrade(4)43. 获得(1)capture44. 已知,提及(1)noting that(2)recall that(3)given that(4)providing that(5)It is worth noting that(6)It is also noteworthy that…(7)It is worth to point out that…(8)…needed to be pin-pointed45. 不变的，稳定的(1)invariant(2)stay somewhat constant46. 结果显示(1)In the case of the experimental results considered in this paper47．目前，直到今天(1)to date48.误差(1)It is observed that the experimental and theoretical values agree within an acceptable range of l-2 C.49. 单位(1) 1.5 kW per square metre per hour(2)decibel (dB)50. 发生, 开端, 分界线(1)…could occur(2)the precursor of structural failures(3)Two threshold distances are introduced to define the borders of these two regions; namely, near-field distanceand far-field distance51. 解决(1)…remedy the problem(2) a possible solution to combat reinforcement corrosion(3)appears to be an excellent solution52. 方向(1)in the direction perpendicular to…(2)move in the vertical direction along the axis of the spring…(3)in opposition to…53. 说明，暗示, 证明(1)This implies that…(2)elucidate(3)these finds provide evidence demonstrating that…54. 同时，也，反过来说(1)likewise(2)convert electrical energy into acoustical energy and vice versa55. 不同的(1) …doesn’t deviate from…(2) a measurement was made varying the SPL from approximately 60 dB to 90 dB as shown in…56. 可行的，经得住考验的, 易处理的,理想的(1)be amenable to…(2)tractable(3)…making it an ideal method for…(4)…pave the way for…(5)appropriate57. 注意，关注(1)…has begun to attract attention.(2)particular interest was paid to…(3)the emphasis has now shifted from…to…(4)draw focus on…(5)This is of special interest because(6)many issues and concerns have been raised(7)there are heightened concerns related to…58. 进展(1)advancement59. 敏感性(1)show greater sensitivity(2)appear more sensitive to cracking(3)highly sensitive to change in w/c60. 产品介绍(1)(Olympus NDT Inc., Waltham, MA, USA)(2)(Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA)(3)The data were then imported into Matlab software (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA, version 7.1) forpost processing and data analysis.(4) A Thermo Tracer NEC TH9260 thermal camera with the ability to detect 0.06℃temperature differences wasused to capture the thermal images.(5)It is designed on the base of a classic acoustic stethoscope, Exacta, produced by Yavit Company61. 数据，图像处理(1) linear regression models with the least square method was used to fit the data and determine the modelcoefficients62．内部的(1) internal63. 从…观点，从…角度(1) from a theoretical viewpoint64. 巨大的，明显的(1) vastly65. 必须，必要(1) …is a must(2) in urgent need of…66. 组成，成分(1) used as constituents of concrete67. 黏附，贴(1) couple66. 测试对象(1) object being tested(2) subject(3) target structure(4) damaged surface67. 范围(1) …extend roughly from 3 to 300 GHz with corresponding wavelength ranging from 100 down to 1 mm(2) over the range 10 MHz to 1 GHz68. 目的(1) for… purpose(2) achieve the same reinforcement objectivity(3) this paper attempts to…(4) test for…are required both for reasons of product aesthetics and for characterizing…69. 可靠的，有效的(1) effectiveness(2) reliability(3) robustness70. 研究方法(1) conducted by experiments supported by theoretical analysis71. 源自，来源(1) emanate from(2) derived from72. 提前(1) in advance of…65. 其他(1)…fill in the pore space enclosed by cement hydrates(2)…due to both the fulfillment of…(3)systematic laboratory testing(4)It is always the case that…(5)service life design(6)having a Young’s modulus of E =70.758 ×109 N m−2 and a density of ρ= 2711 kg m−3.(7)they reported electricity savings of 0.5 kWh/day (or 33Wh/m2/day) by increasing roof reflectivity from 26% to72%, which translates into annual energy savings of about 125 kWh.(8)Experiments were performed on the scaled down units of 1 m3 volume.(9)This gave us confidence in applying the mathematical model and the developed computer programme tosimulate the performance of heavy normal sized structures.(10)This is in contrast to the earlier belie f that…(11)major assumptions are applied in terms of…(12)transfer the problem into mathematical description(13)extensive research effort has been devoted to this…(14)emphasis is placed on…(15)to localize defects(16)surface smoothness(17)to expedite the analysis(18)in common parlance(19)Results of an experimental campaign(20)be liable to…(21)several orders of magnitude more than…(22)in this study, a similar approach was followed(23)mimick(24)complementary approach(25)be proportional to…(26)rectify(27)it is characterized by(28)optimum(29)adaptation(30)mineralized(31)to the best of our knowledge(32)Very often one is making use of the(33)simple supported boundary condition(34)typically(35)assuming d=50-100 mm(36)semi-infinite(37)inversely proportional to…(38)to confirm the findings of another(39)high degree of precision(40)…is specially suited for…(41)by and large(42)lump… and …into…(43)pathologies(44)not necessarily(45)A is related to B by a vector displacement r(46)by convention(47)a summary of the basic theory of…(48)in vacuo在真空(49)escalating deployment(50)counter-measures 反制措施(51)design philosophy(52)prefabricated laminates(53)start in earnest(54)with overall cost savings(55)preclude(56)be quantified by…(57)physical significance(58)versatile(59)irrespective of学科术语1.阻抗谱(1)impedance response(2)EIS spetra(3)electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance)(4)R ct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.2.孔特征(1)pore structure distribution(2)total porosity(3)pore structure(4)pore network(5)pore walls(6)tortuous pathways3.掺合料(1)fly ash(2)slag(3)silica fume(4)supplementary cementing materials(5)mineral additives(6)low-and high-calcium fly ash4.测试方法(1)SEM：Scanning electron micrograph(2)pigmentation(3)X-ray diffraction analysis(4)microscopy observation\(5)ultrasonic speed measurement(6)acoustic emission technique(7)accelerated ageing test(8)infrared thermography(9)ground penetrating radar(10)ultrasonic pulse-velocity(11)impact-echo method5.土建工程(1)civil infrastructures(2)wide use in Civil Engineering(3)historical heritage(4)masonry structures(5)concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks6.测试仪器(1)vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration table(2)testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.(3)the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter(4)piezoelectric transducer with a bandwidth of 200 MHz7.测试试剂(1)coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface8.操作工艺(1)The molds were stripped after 24 hours(2)Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.(3)Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard.(4)reference specimens(5)Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm(6)One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.(7)the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area ofthe CFRP sheets.(8)Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHzwere mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.(9)Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like(7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm).(10)…is designed and manufactured in the laboratory(11)The measurement were conducted in stepped-frequency mode by sweeping from a starting frequency to anend frequency in an increment of 0.02 GHz at a fixed angle.(12)The specimens were prepared in steel moulds that were removed after 24 hours of hardening under ambientconditions.(13)The hardened concrete specimens were stored in a humidity room for 28 days moist curing.(14)The prism specimens were stored in a 50% humidity chamber at 23℃ for up to 90 days to adequately dry thetop surface onto which the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) was bonded.(15)Before bonding the CFRP layer, the concrete surface was sandblasted to achieve a surface profile of #4.(16)Bonding the CFRP was performed according to the manufacturer's application guideline using commercialepoxy resins.(17) A thread roller was used to squeeze out natural air voids at the interface. To ensure that no resin crossed to thecracked areas, a careful application procedure was followed.(18)were cast in steel moulds and compacted using a vibrating table/a tamping rod(19)water-curing tank9.环境类别(1)high atmospheric humidity(2)sea water(3)rain water(4)acid rain(5)exposure to freeze-thaw cycles(6)deteriorating chemicals(7)alkaline environment(8)environmental variables(9)to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditions(10)aggressive media/influences(11)Chloride-laden environement10.材料性能(1)compressive strength-f cb (MPa)(2)flexural tensile strength-f tb (MPa)(3)tensile strength-f tf (MPa)(4)ultimate strain-ε(%)(5)elastic modulus-E f (GPa)/ modulus of elasticity。