情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。
情态动词后面加动词原形。
情态动词有四类:①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might)……②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,will③具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to,ought to④情态动词表猜测:一肯一否三不定(must一肯,can not一否,may,might,could,三不定。
)注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。
常用的有:can may could must have use .情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加"not"。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。
情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
情态动词表推测的用法小结(一)情态动词表推测的三种句式1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),can,could(可能),might /may(也许,或许)。
e.g:(1)He must/can/may,might know the answer to this question.他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。
(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能),may not/might not(可能不)。
e.g:(1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.这不可能是校长,他去美国了。
(2)He may not/might not know the scientist.他也许不认识那位科学家。
3.疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。
e.g:(1).Could he have finished the task?他可能把任务完成了吗?注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。
Might,could并非may,can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。
(二)情态动词表推测的三种时态1.对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
e.g:(1).She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。
2.对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词+ be”,“情态动词+be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
e.g:(1).He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
(2).He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at t his time.这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。
e.g:(1).It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
(2).The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。
注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。
例如:(4).It’s seven o’clock. Jack sh ould/ought to be here at any moment.现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。
(推测)(5).Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret,but he meant no harm. (虚拟)汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。
can 和could 表示推测的用法对现在或将来的推测,两者均可用,但can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句中,一般不用于肯定句,而could则可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句;对过去的推测,应在 can,could 之后接动词的完成式,且此时can仍只用于否定句或疑问句,不用于肯定句;而could 则可用于各种句型。
如:Can [Could] this be true? 这能是真的吗Where can [could] he have gone? 他能到哪里去了呢She can’t [couldn’t] have left so soon. 她不可能走得这么早。
注:could后接动词的完成式,除表示对过去的推测外,还可表示过去没有实现的可能性(即某事本来可以发生,却没发生),或委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做(此时不用can)。
如:You could have started a little earlier. 你本可早点动身的。
You needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你其实可以不煮熟(它),我们(本来)可以生吃。
can 和could 表示允许的用法表示现在的允许时,若是请求别人允许自己做某事,两者均可用,但用could 语气更委婉;若是自己允许别人做某事,一般只用 can,而不用 could。
如:Can [Could] I come in? 我可以进来吗“Could [Can] I use your pen? ” “Yes,of course you can.” “我可以借用你的钢笔吗?”“当然可以。
”(不能说Yes,you could.)表示过去的允许时,若表示过去一般性允许(即表示某人随时都可以做某事),用could;若表示在过去某一特定情况下允许进行某一特定的活动,则不用 could。
如:When I lived at home,I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. 我住在家里时,想什么时候看电影就可以什么时候看。
(一般性允许)I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允许我去看了电影。
(特定的允许,不能用 could)can 和could 表示能力的用法can 表示现在的能力,could 表示过去的能力,要表示将来具备的能力通常 be able to 的将来时态。
其中要注意的是,could 表示过去的能力,通常只用于表示过去一般性能力,而不表示过去具体某次特定情形下能够做某事的能力。
如:他学习很努力,所以考试能及格。
误:He studied hard and could pass the exam.正:He studied hard and was able to pass the exam.注:若在否定句中没有以上限制,即couldn’t 可表示过去特定情况下的能力,如可说 He studied hard but still couldn’t pass the exam.口诀:情态动词两特点动词原形接后面,说话语气较委婉。
can "能力"may"许可",must"责任"或"义务"。
否定回答needn’t 换,"需要"need, dare"敢"。
should"应该",would"愿",have to"被迫"表客观。
情态动词专项练习题1. --- Where is Mary? --- She ____ in the library.A. should beB. must beC. can beD. must have been2. His room is dark. He must ____ to bed.A. goB. be goingC. have goneD. have been gone3. “Will your father stay home tonight?”“I’m not sure, He ____to work.”A. must goB. can goC. may be goneD. may be going4. “Where is Tom?”“He isn’t here I think he ____ have gone home.”A. mayB. mustC. mightD. A or B or C5. “I think Helen is at home.”“No, she ____ be at home, for she phoned me from the airport just five minutes ago.”A. mustn’tB. needn’tC. can’tD. daren’t6. He’s late. What ____ have happened to him?A. canB. mayC. should D, must7. “ _____ he be watching TV now?”Yes, he _____ be watching TV now.”No, he _____ be watching TV now.”A. Must; can; mustn’tB. Can; must; can’tC. Must; must; can’tD. Can; can; mustn’t8. “____. He have left yesterday?”Yes, he ____ yesterday.”No, he ____ yesterday.”A. Must; must have left; can’t have leftB. Can; can have left; can’t have leftC. Can; must h ave left; can’t have leftD. May; must have left; shouldn’t have left9. You must be a writer, ____ you?A. mustn’tB. areC. mustD. aren’t10. You must have seen her yesterday, ____ you?A. mustn’tB. haven’tC. didn’tD. don’t11. You must have seen her, ____ you?A. haven’tB. didn’tC. don’tD. A or B12. There was plenty of time. She ____ worried or hurried.A. mustn’t haveB. shouldn’t haveC. must beD. needn’t have13. I got up early, but I ____ so because I had no work to do that morning.A. mustn’t have doneB. didn’t need to doC. needn’t have doneD. can’t have done14. I ____ up early this morning. So I stayed in bed till 9 a. m.A. needn’t have gotB. didn’t need to getC. shouldn’t have gotD. can’t have got15. The flower is dead. I ____ it more water.A. will giveB. would have givenC. must giveD. should have given16. He ____ have come here yesterday, but he didn’t.A. couldB. shouldC. ought toD. A or B or C17. “Must he do it?”“No, he ____.”A. mustn’tB. needn’tC. doesn’t have toD. B or C18. “Need you go now?”“Yes, I ____.” “No, I ____.”A. need; needn’tB. must; needn’tC. may; mustn’tD. can; needn’t19. “May I borrow your bike?”“No, you ____.”A. mustn’tB. may notC. had better notD. can’t20. “Can I do it?”“No, you ____.”or “No, please ____.”A. can’t; doesn’tB. can’t; don’tC. can’t; can’tD. can’t; you don’t21. I missed the last bus, so I ____ go home on foot.A. mustB. have toC. mayD. had to22. We ____ hurry if we want to arrive in time.A. mustB. needC. mayD. have to23. He ought to have won the first prize, ____ he?A. oughtn’tB. shouldn’tC. mustn’tD. oughtn’t to24. He ____ get up early when he lived in the countryside.A. wouldB. used toC. mustn’tD. can’t25. My brother ____ be very naughty, and my sister ____ like reading.A. used to; wouldB. would; used toC. used to; used toD. would; would26. ____ you please pass on a message to him?A. DoB. ShallC. MayD. Will27. ____ we set off now?A. ShallB. WillC. WouldD. ought28. “____ he open the window?”Yes, please.”A. DoesB. willC. ShallD. Would29. I’ve told him many times, but he ____ listen to my advice.A. shall notB. won’tC. will notD. wouldn’t30. “Will you lend me a hand?”“Yes, I ____.”A. willB. shallC. canD. may31. Everyone ____ do his best for the modernization of China.A. will youB. don’t weC. shall weD. do you32. Let’s clean our room, ____?A. will youB. don’t weC. shall weD. do you33. Let us watch TV, ____?A. will youB. don’t weC. shall weD. do you34. Close the door after you, ____ you?A. don’tB. doC. shallD. will35. Every time he meets me, he ____ to me.A. smiledB. would smileC. will smileD. is smiling答案1-5 BCCDC 6-10 ABCDC 11-15 DDCBD 16-20 DDBDB 21-25 DDDDC 26-30 DACDA 31-35 CCADC。