英国文学上古时期：Old English 450-1066 典型诗歌：<Beowulf>中世纪时期：Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucerthe father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales> 《坎特伯雷故事集》first time to use 'heroic couplet'文艺复兴时期：The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenserthe poets' poet诗人中的诗人:<The Faerie Queene>《仙后》克里斯托夫·马洛Christopher MarloweUniversity Wits大学才子派, the pioneer of English dramaBlank verse无韵体, hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus> 《浮士德博士的悲剧》the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness <The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> 《激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘》pastoral life田园诗威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeareabove all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth<Sonnet 18> 《十四行诗18》eternal or immortal beauty<The Merchant of Venice> 《威尼斯商人》to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality<Hamlet>《哈姆雷特》hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengerTo be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionSoliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters弗兰西斯·培根Francis Baconbrevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method归纳法in place of deductive method演绎法<Of Studies>《论学习》uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.约翰·邓恩John Donne<I>meta</I>physical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism三段论<The Sun Rising>《日出》the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud>《死神莫骄妄》whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.约翰·弥尔顿John Milton<Paradise Lost>《失乐园》the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.<Paradise Regained>《复乐园》<Samson Agonistes>《力士参孙》the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.新古典主义时期Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel - mystery, horror & castles约翰·班扬John Bunyan<The Vanity Fair> from <The Pilgrim's Progress>《名利场》节选自《天路历程》, a religious allegory, pursue the truth.亚历山大·蒲伯Alexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism>《论批评》a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe>《鲁宾逊漂流记》, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude清教徒坚韧乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swifta master satirist In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. Proper words in proper places<A Modest Proposal>《一个温和的建议》<Gulliver's Travels>《格列佛游记》, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & Houyhnhnm亨利·菲尔丁Henry FieldingFather of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>《汤姆·琼斯》塞缪尔·约翰逊Samuel Johnsonfirst combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language>《英文大辞典》<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>《致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信》理查德·比·谢拉丹Richard Brinsley Sheridanthe only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals>《情敌》and <The School for Scandal> 《造谣学校》are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.托马斯·格雷Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School "墓地诗歌派"<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》浪漫主义时期Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads>《抒情歌谣集》威廉·布莱克William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Innocence>“扫烟囱的小男孩”选自《天真之歌》a happy and innocence world from children's eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience>“扫烟囱的小男孩”选自《经验之歌》a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>虎威廉·华兹华斯William Wordsworththe leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature'Lake Poets' - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected in tranquillity'.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud>《我如行云独自游》the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils水仙and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> 《威斯敏斯特桥即景》the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways>《独自幽居》<The Solitary Reaper> 《孤独的收割女》thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.塞·特·科勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversationalThe demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>《古航海家之歌》, <Chrisabel>《克里斯特贝尔》, <Kubla Khan>《忽必烈汗》乔治·戈登·拜伦George Gordon Byron'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in<Childe Harold's Pilgrimage>《哈洛尔德游记》.<Song for the Luddites>《路德党人之歌》'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece> from <Don Juan>“哀希腊”选自《唐·璜》(the masterpiece of Byron, a longsatirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?珀·比·雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England>《致英格兰人民》<Ode to the West Wind>《西风颂》terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'约翰·济慈John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy>《忧郁颂》, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>《希腊古瓮颂》, <Ode toa Nightingale>《夜莺颂》, <Ode to Psyche>《普赛克颂》<Ode on a Grecian Urn>《希腊古瓮颂》the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience短暂of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'简·奥斯汀Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>《傲慢与偏见》维多利亚时期The Victorian PeriodDarwin's <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism功利主义was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people查尔斯·狄更斯Charles Dickensone of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities>《双城记》<Oliver Twist>《雾都孤儿》勃朗蒂姐妹The Bronte SistersCharlotte Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature. <Jane Eyre>《简·爱》<Wuthering Heights>《呼啸山庄》阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennysoninvents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate桂冠诗人, a real artist<Break, Break, Break>《浪花啪啪啪》the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar>《度沙洲》we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses>《尤利西斯》not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not theleast important, buthonoured by all of them罗伯特·布朗宁Robert Browningthe most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book>《指环与书》his masterpiece<My Last Duchess>《我前一位公爵夫人》this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man<Meeting at Night>《夜晚幽会》<Parting at Morning>《清晨告别》乔治·艾略特George Eliot--As a woman of exceptional特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women<Middlemarch>《米德尔马契》a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor托马斯·哈代Thomas Hardy- both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'<Tess of the D'Urbervilles>《德伯家的苔丝》experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration美国文学浪漫主义时期American Romantic PeriodStarted with Washington Irving's <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman's <Leaves of Grass>, also called 'the American Renaissance'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism华盛顿·欧文Washington Irvingfather of the American short stories, the American GoldsmithPerfected the best classic style that American literature ever producedFirst novel <A History of New York>《纽约史》<The Sketch Book>《见闻札记》contains German folk tales <Rip Van > 《瑞普·凡·温尔克》, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>《睡谷的传说》拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emersonthe spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement<The American Scholar>《论美国学者》, <Self - Reliance>《论自信》, <The Over-Soul>《论超灵》<The Poet>《论诗人》a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience>《论经验》 a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinarylifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature>《论自然》is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism内森尼尔·霍桑Nathaniel HawthorneInterior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity<The Scarlet Letter>《红字》<Young Goodman Brown>《小伙子布朗》沃尔特·惠特曼Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth> 《有个孩子在长大》how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry Crossing a Ford>《渡河的骑兵》a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself>《自我之歌》Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideas赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick>《白鲸》the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac现实主义时期Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man's control马克吐温Mark Twainthe true father of American literatureLocal colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age3 boyhood books ：<Life on the Mississippi>《密西西比河上的生活》<The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>《汤姆·索亚历险记》, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn>《哈利贝丽芬历险记》<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.亨利·詹姆斯Henry Jamesinternational theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association<Daisy Miller>《黛西·米勒》the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.艾米莉·狄金森Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World>《这就是我给世人的书信》express Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died >《我死时——听见一只苍蝇嗡鸣》de<I>script</I>ion of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles>《我喜欢看他舔食着一路向前》Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death >《因为我不能为死神停下》personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt西奥多·德莱塞Theodore DreiserAmerica's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲<The Financier>《金融家》, <The Titan>《巨头》, <The Stoic>《斯多葛》<Sister Carrie>《嘉莉妹妹》'who shall cast the first stone?'现代时期The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis Imagist movement, Jazz Age埃兹拉·庞德Ezra Pounda leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'<The Cantos>《诗章》<In a Station of the Metro>《在地铁车站》Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.<The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter>《长干行》<A Pact>《契约》agreement with Whitman's free verse罗伯特·李·弗罗斯特Robert Lee Frostfour times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking>《摘苹果后》<The Road Not Taken>《为选择的路》<Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>《雪夜林边停》尤金·奥尼尔Eugene O'Neillfounder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times<The Hairy Ape>《毛猿》F·司各特·菲兹杰拉德F·Scott Fitzgeraldspokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>《了不起的盖茨比》欧内斯特·海明威Ernest Hemingwayawarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure<Indian Camp> from <In Our Time>“印第安人营地”选自《在我们的时代里》birth and death coexist威廉·福克纳William Faulknerawarded a Nobel PrizeSouth, imprisonment in the pastStream of consciousness, multiple points of viewYoknapatawpha Country<A Rose for Emily>给艾米莉的玫瑰》Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and theold way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.。