1、哲学(philosophy)
经验主义(empiricism)、逻辑实证主义(logicpositivism) 唯理主义(rationalism)（various forms)
心理学(psychology)：
行为主义(behaviorism)、 认知心理学(cognitive psychology)
Philosophy of language and beyond 提纲
1、哲学(philosophy) 2、语言哲学(philosophy of language) 3、理论语言学(general linguistics) 4、应用语言学(applied linguistics) 5、哲学、科研与做人(philosophy and beyond)
2.人类思维
分离性和镜像性
体验性和互动性
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3.心智结构 非隐喻性和原子性 隐喻性和完型性 ------------------------------------------------------------------4.概念结构 符号性与对应性 非符号性和建构性 ------------------------------------------------------------------5.意义系统 固定性和组合性 模糊性和整合性
1、哲学(philosophy)
manifold entities of many different types, and that the diversity of things is more striking and important than their unity. 卡尔.珀尔（Popper）多元论： World 1: the world of physical objects and events, including biological entities. World 2: the world of mental objects and events. (virtual reality?) World 3: objective knowledge.
1、哲学(philosophy)Байду номын сангаас
1、本体论(ontology)（BEING） 一元论、二元论、多元论 2、 认识论(epistemology) 不可知论，可知论，相对真理 3、方法论(methodology) 归纳法、演绎法、溯因法、证实、证伪
1、哲学(philosophy)
一元论：monism : the world is essentially one substance or contains only one kind of substance. 二元论：dualism: metaphysical dualism are good and evil, God and the world, and body and spirit. Epistemological dualism are being and thought and subject and object. 多元论： Pluralism： reality consists of
客观主义哲学理论 非客观主义哲学理论
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1.世界范畴
客观性与独立性
主客性与依存性
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1、哲学(philosophy)
Silva, T. 2005.: I define ideology as being constituted by ontology, epistemology, axiology价值论, and methodology. Ontology is the study of the nature of being and the structure of reality. Epistemology is the study of the origin, nature, and limits of knowledge. Axiology is the study of the nature of value— of what is good. Methodology refers to the means of inquiry into a given subject—the procedures for constructing knowledge.
引言
这是我教‘语言哲学’后的几点反 思. 主要观点是：我们始终要问：语言 的本质是什么？语言学习的本质又 是什么？教一种语言实际上实在教 什么？探究问题之本质，寻求最终 答案。此乃TESL研究者之责任。
Philosophy of language and beyond
These are some reflections after teaching the course of philosophy of linguistics. The key ideas are that we should be always asking what is the nature of language what is the nature of language learning , by following an internal approach, seeking essence of things and offering deeper and deeper explanations.
Macrocosm宏观-- Microcosm微观 universals 普遍性–variations变异性 similarities相似性–diversities特殊性 regularities规则性–irregularities混乱 reductionism简约性–relativism相对性
1、哲学(philosophy)
1、哲学(philosophy)
My reflections:
认识能力 How do we know what we know?
先天 ——后天 天赋——学习 Nature -- nurture Inborn -- learned
1、哲学(philosophy)
My reflections: