3. -ing形式(短语)的功能有时相当于一个 状语从句。
3. 意义不一致
A.remember/ forget/ regret
I forgot to post your letter. 未做
I forgot posting your letter. 做了
B. mean/ try Mean to do 打算 Try to do 努力 mean doing 意味着 try doing 试着
作
状
语
现在分词作状语。表时间、原因、条件、结 果、伴随（方式）等。
Hearing the cry for help, he rushed out.（时间）
Being ill, he went home. （原因）
Seeing from the hill, you can get the whole town.(条件） European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET 98)（结果） He read a magazine waiting for the bus.（伴随）
(1) Having written the letter, John went to the post office. (2) Seeing the beautiful sight, the
children felt excited. 总结: ① 完成式 having done 表动作有先有后
The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest.
能跟现在分词作宾语补足语的常见 动词有这些，看看有什么好方法可 以将它们记住： make、let、have、look at、see、 watch、hear、listen to、notice、 feel。
V-ing
② 一般式
doing
表动作同时发生
1.分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的 主语一致。如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构来 表示，也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。
1. Comparing all the great people with each other, you’ll find that they have much in common. 2. Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help. 3. The train having gone, we had to wait another day.
2. 意义一致 Like/ hate/ begin/ start/ love/ continue/ prefer Like to do 具体的将来的一次的
Like doing
习惯性经常性的
I like playing football. I like to play football this afternoon.
时 态 和 语 态
类别
及 物 动
词
形式
主 动
被
动
一般式 doing 完成式 having done
being done having been done
一般式与完成式的时间意义
1. Looking carefully at the ground, I made my way to the edge of the crater.
C. stop/ go on stop to do 另一件 stop doing D. need/ want/ require The flowers need watering. Doing 用主动 同一件
The flowers need to be watered.
to be done用被动
接动名词作宾语的词组有：
Having + past participle (the perfect -ing form) to refer to an action that took place before the time expressed by main verb.
观察下列2个句子, 体会having done与 doing的不同的用法
“三让、三看、两听、注意 感觉”。
作定语
⑴动名词作定语表示性质或用途。
a washing machine
＝ a machine for washing
a swimming pool ＝ a pool for swimming
This is a new washing machine.
作定语
⑵现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被
–ing形式的一般式所表示的时间与谓语 动词无明显的先后顺序
2. Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn’t take much notice.
–ing形式的完成式所表示的时间在谓语 动词之前
作主语：动名词
修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名 词之后。
•a developing country ＝ a country which is developing •a sleeping boy＝ a boy who is sleeping •The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang. •China is a developing country.
和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。 It is useless trying to argue with Shylock． 这事值得去做。 It’s worth making the effort． 若要人不知，除非己莫为。 There is no hiding of evil but not to do it． 这种事开不得玩笑。 Here is no joking about such matter.
作宾语
1.只接动名词的动词：
避免错过少延期 avoid/ miss/ delay/ postpone 建议完成多练习
suggest/advise/finish/complete/ practice
喜欢想象禁不住 enjoy/ imagine/ can’t help
承认否定与嫉妒 admit/ deny/ envy 逃避冒险莫宽恕 escape/ risk/ forgive/ excuse 忍受保持不介意 stand/ keep/ mind 允许感激和考虑 allow/ permit/ appreciate/ consider 明白鼓励要禁止 understand/ encourage/ forbid
Teaching is my full-time job.
Writing an English composition is not easy. It’s useless taking this kind of medicine.
归纳：常用-ing形式作主语的句型有： It
+be +a waste of time doing 做……是浪费时间的 It is/was no good/use doing 做……是没益/用处的 It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做……不值得 It is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做……是值得的 There is no doing 无法…… ， 不允许……
admit to prefer…to be used to
lead to
no use, can’t help, be fond of
devote onቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱself to
It‘s worth…, It‘s no use /good be afraid of
stick to
no good, as well as, be tired of be proud of
There
is no sense in doing 做、、、没有道理 There is/was no use doing 干、、、无意义 There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比、、、更糟的 There is/was no point doing 干、、、无意义 我们不知道要去哪儿。 There was no knowing where we would go. 做这件傻事毫无意义。 There is no point doing such a silly thing.
分析:前两例中,-ing形式的逻辑主语均为主句的主语。 最后一例中having gone的逻辑主语是 the train。
2. -ing形式的否定式。
其基本结构是:not + -ing形式,无论在完成式还是 被动式里,not必须置于-ing形式之前。如:
Not having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom.
look forward to (to为介词）
hold off
insist on good at
put off
set about take up
keep on
be successful in give up think of / about
prevent …from…
作宾语补足语：现在分词
I heard the girl singing in the classroom. I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.