例例1.2“T. oday is Sunday.” may mean “Time for us to B“超生gs室toa男iyn医ign生gf务ish女ho人imn一ge员.”个too：rh样“a“Iv。’em好a”ngo好otogd回orine去sgtw.保”iethtc胎y. o。u. I”’m、6
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Pragmatics
1. John Langshaw Austin – Speech Act Theory 2. Paul Grice – The Cooperative Principle 3. Erving Goffman – Face 4. Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson –
2. Executives: Giving a decision in favor or against a certain course of action from a position of power.
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Examples of Austin’s Performatives (2)
1. Verdictives: Delivering a verdict
• acquit, convict, find, hold, interpret as, understand, read it as, rule,
are verifiable)
performative: to do things/ perform acts (not
verifiable)
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1. An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses.
2. An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.
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1. Distinguish between pragmatics and semantics
2. Learn about the Speech Act Theory 3. Analyze conversational implicature
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Definition
Study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
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Some basic notions in Pragmatics
• Context • Pragmatics vs. semantics • Correctness vs. appropriateness
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Context
Context -- a basic cocs. It
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Pragmatics vs. Semantics
Semantics: studies sentence meaning, proposition of a sentence, context-independent
Pragmatics: studies utterance meaning, contextdependent, the product of sentence-meaning and context;
but it might be appropriate pragmatically, like in a scribbled note by a hostage.
Note: Pragmatics can make sense out of nonsense, given a suitable context. Appropriateness is most important in crosscultural communication.
is generally considered as constituted knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation(time, place, manner, etc.), the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.….
Politeness Theory 5. Anna Wierzbicka – Culture and Cognition
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1. John Austin’s Models Old Model 2 utterances
Utterances
constative: to state an act/describe a state. (Constatives
Another example: “The bag is heavy.” can mean
• a bag being heavy (sentence meaning); • an indirect, polite request, asking the hearer to
help carry the bag; • the speaker is declining someone’s offer to
help.
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Ray L. Birdwhistell, 19582
Correctness vs. Appropriateness
• “John play golf”---- grammatically incorrect; • “Golf played John” ---- logically incorrect;
3. In dialogue, each turn by a speaker may be considered an utterance.
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Examples of Austin’s performatives (1)
e.g.
1. I name the ship Göteborg. 2. I do. 3. I declare the 29th Olympic Games open! 4. I bet you ten bugs that you will lose.