白富美“white, rich and beautiful girl
5.20 Allusions(典故)
Definition：
Allusions are references to well-known persons, things, or events that writers assume are familiar to their readers.
仿拟是英语语言学分支修辞学的重要修辞手法。这是一种巧妙、机智、而有趣的修辞格。它有意仿照人们熟知的现成的语言材料，根据表达的需要临时创造出新的语、句、篇来，以使语言生动活泼，或讽刺嘲弄，或幽默诙谐，妙趣盎然。在运用时所仿拟的一般是人们所熟知的语言材料，如成语、谚语、名言、警句。
Classifications of Irony
典故泛指诗文中引用的古代故事和有来历的词语，和一些具有教育意义且大众耳熟能详的公认的人物，事件。
Sources of Allusions
1. Nursery Rhymes (童谣)
2. Fairy Tales, Myths, Legends and Fables(故事，传说，神话，寓言）
3. The Bible（圣经）
To punish Prometheus, who had stolen fire from him, Zeus ordered Hephaestus, the god of the forge(锻造）, to create the first mortal woman, who was irresistibly beautiful and to whom each of the gods gave a power to insure the ruin of man.
教学方法
课堂讲授，小组讨论
教学过程
1. Definition and Functions ofPunning
2.Definition andFunctions ofParody
3. Definition and Functions ofAllusions
作业
以小组（5～6人）为单位研究下列话题并作出考察报告，1周后将结果报告给全班punning(5) parody(5)allusions找出以上修辞手段的英语例句，并进行一定的解释。
But she held baby Achilles by the heel, and, inevitably, in the war against Troy, Achilles was killed by an arrow which struck him in that one vulnerable spot.
教案
英语修辞学
教研室：语言与文化教研室授课教师：李洪琳
课程名称
英语修辞学
授课班级
B111201/02/03/04
授课内容
第四章英语常用修辞格(6)：双关,仿拟,典故
授课学时
2
教学目的
使学生了解各种常用修辞格的定义和种类；掌握每种修辞格的结构、特点和用法等，能够正确理解和运用修辞格。
教学重点
各种辞格概念的理解和意义的掌握。
1.谐音仿拟
2.结构仿拟
1.语音仿拟
Thirst come, thirst served.
这是可口可乐公司于1932年推出的一句口号,“First come, first served”.
“骑”乐无பைடு நூலகம்(某自行车广告)
2.结构仿拟
Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit. (有遗嘱必有官司）
利用era(时代)和ear(耳朵)发音相似的条件,使人很容易联想到英语成语“went in one ear and out of another”(左耳进右耳出,听了就忘),使全句具有新意。
5.19 Parody(仿拟)
Definition:
(piece of) writing intended to amuse by imitating the style of writing used by somebody else.
Don’t put off till tomorrow what can be enjoyed today. (Josh Billings)
(Don’t put off till tomorrow what can be done today.今日事今日毕）
A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
Waterloo was the scene when Napoleon was totally defeated by Duke Wellington.
Pandora's box:A prolific source of troubles.
The story comes from Greek myth; it tells their version of the creation of the first woman and how the ills of mankind resulted.
Read P236(d)(e)(f)
Classifications:
1. Antanaclasis (同词异义双关)
This device involves words or word phrases having the same sound and form, but with two or more distinct meanings.
耶和华我们的上帝使我们静默不言，又将苦胆水给我们喝，都因我们得罪了耶和华。喻指自食苦果，或过非人的生活。
a mess of pottage（一碗红豆汤）：典出《创世记》第25章27-34节：And Jacob said , Swear to me this day; and he swore unto him: and he sold his birthright to Jacob. Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentils...
4. English and American Fiction
5. Modern and Contemporary Sources
1.来源于民间故事、传说、民间习俗、神话、历史上的著名事件，或是某个地名的典故
Meet one’s waterloo:suffer a decisive or final defeat or setback.
（A friend in need is a friend indeed.）该句讽刺了能同甘但不能共苦的假朋友和势利小人）
To lie or not to lie--The doctor's dilemma.
撒谎还是不撒谎--医生的难题。
高富帅“tall, rich and handsome guy”
There are many words in English which look or sound alike, but have different senses, or connotations. (近音双关)
Read P235(a)(b)(c)
There are also words which have more than one basic meaning, or have developed figurative meanings. (同词异义）
Mr. Bean:An eccentric(古怪的）yet good-natured（和善的）trouble maker.
3.来源于佛经、圣经等宗教书上的故事、人物、礼仪等。
drink water of gall（喝苦胆水）：典出《耶利米书》第8章14节：for the LORD our God hath put us to silence, and given us water of gall to drink, because we have sinned against the LORD.
雅各说：“你今日对我起誓吧。”以扫就对他起了誓，把长子的名分卖给雅各。于是雅各将饼和红豆汤给了以扫。
喻指牺牲重大利益获得的物质利益或眼前的小利
with a rod of iron（用铁杖）：指“采用高压手段”、“铁腕统治”。典出第2首9节：Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel.你必用铁杖打破他们。你必将他们如同窑匠的瓦器摔碎。
辅助手段
多媒体课件
教学内容
Chapter 5 Figures of Speech(6)
5.18 punning (双关)
Definition
To pun is to play on words, or rather to play with the form and meaning of word, for a witty or humorous effect.
Make your every hello a realgood-buy.(advertisement of telephone)
During the two previous centuries musical styles went in oneeraand out of another.
译:在前两个世纪,音乐风格时髦一阵,又很快销声匿迹)
Titanic:A huge“unsinkable”ocean liner(客轮）that sank on its maiden voyage after colliding with an iceberg.
Now synonymous（同义的）with catastrophe, especially one brought about by arrogant confidence in the power of technology