绿色设计论文：机电产品生命周期评价建模研究及支持工具开发【中文摘要】机电产品生命周期评价技术(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)是绿色制造前沿技术之一,同时也是实施绿色设计和制造的关键和共性基础技术。
目前,国内对LCA技术的需求日益强烈,但与欧美日发达国家相比,LCA技术和软件工具还相当落后,而国外LCA软件工具尚无法适应我国国情和制造业水平,尤其缺乏反映我国国情和制造业现状、系统、准确的LCA底层数据库、知识库和方法库支持,严重影响了我国LCA研究和企业应用的开展。
在此背景下,本文对机电产品LCA方法及其支持工具进行了重点研究,可以为中国LCA发展提供必要的方法和数据支持,为企业LCA的应用提供数据积累和案例参考。
本文在分析国内外绿色设计、LCA技术及软件工具研究现状的基础上,重点对以下几个方面进行了研究。
(1)在有关LCA定义及技术框架研究的基础上,针对当前LCA研究的局限性,结合机电产品的特点,建立了LCA中机电产品系统模型,详细分析了机电产品系统的信息组成。
然后基于此系统模型,在整个产品生命周期内定义了产品的环境属性。
按照环境影响因素,对其生命周期的不同阶段进行了研究,建立了环境因素识别表,按照此识别表从低污染、低毒等方面研究识别环境因素和显著环境因素。
最后基于生命周期评价方法学框架的研究,针对机电产品提出了具体的生命周期评价过程和方法。
(2)在当前国内外LCA数据库现状研究的基础上,研究了面向机电产品的符合中国国情的生命周期评价数据库,提出了基于过程的清单分析方法,建立了基于过程的LCA数据库三层结构模型,并根据LCA数据库三层结构模型对LCA数据库进行了概念结构设计、对象属性分析和逻辑结构设计。
(3)结合上述基于机电产品的LCA方法和LCA数据库三层结构模型,研究了MLCA系统的和功能,选取Visual 集成开发环境为开发平台,B/S模式为系统开发模式,设计了系统的总体框架。
针对此框架,利用C#及SQL Server技术,对系统进行了接口定义、数据库关联、接口实现等详细设计。
最后实现了系统的直观显示,即对系统操作界面的设计。
(4)基于机电产品系统模型及相关环境因素的识别,利用所开发的MLCA系统,对Y80M1-4-0.55型电机进行了生命周期评价。
【英文摘要】Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for electromechanical product is one of the advanced technologies in the green manufacturing field. It is also the key and general technology of green design and manufacturing. Nowadays, the demand of LCA technology is becoming stronger and stronger in China. However, compared with developed countries such as America, Japan and some European countries, there is still a considerable gap in the development of LCA technology and related softwares field. LCA softwares abroad can’t adapt to the national conditions and Chinese manufacturing industry levels. The lack of systemic and accurate underlying LCAdatabase, knowledge base and method base that is consistent with China’s conditions has severely hindered LCA reasearch and application. Under this backgroud, LCA methods for electromechanical product and supportive tools have been mainly researched in this paper. It can provide necessary methods and data for the LCA development of China, and it can also provide data accumulation and case reference for LCA application.This paper mainly focuses on the following aspects based on the analysis of the research status at home and abroad on green design, LCA technologies and related softwares.(a) The definition and technical frame of LCA is illuminated. And the limits of current LCA research are pointed out. Then, the electromechanical product system model is built and its information is analysed combining with the characters of electromechanical products. On the basis of this model, environment properties of products in the whole life cycle are analysed. According to the environment impact factors, different stages of the whole life cycle are analysed and the environment factors identification table is built. Referring to this table, environment factors and obvious factors are identified. Finally, following the general steps of LCA methodology frame, specific LCA process and method on theelectromechanical product is proposed.(b) Research status on LCA database at home and abroad is analyzed. And then, combining with the LCA methodology frame of products, the LCA database for electromechanical products that suits to Chinese conditions are studied, and a three-layer structure model of LCA database based on process is established. The conception structure design, analysis of object properties and logical structure design are carried out in accordance with the laws of database design.(c) Combining with the LCA method for the electromechanical products and the three-layer structure model of LCA database studied above. Visual (the integrated development environment) is selected as the development platform and B/S design-pattern as the development pattern. Then, the definition and function of MLCA system is analysed and the whole framework is designed following the LCA application steps that ISO 14040 defines. In this framework, the detailed design such as the definition of interfaces, the association with database and the implementation of interfaces is carried out using the technologies of C# and SQL Server. The operation interface of this system is finally designed on the basis of the general interface design rules.(d) Following the general steps of LCA, the life cycle assessment of Y80M 1-4-0.55type motor is conducted using the MLCA system tools.【关键词】绿色设计生命周期评价产品系统模型数据库模型【英文关键词】Green design Life cycle assessment Product system model Database model【目录】机电产品生命周期评价建模研究及支持工具开发摘要9-11ABSTRACT11-12第1章绪论13-25 1.1 研究背景13-15 1.1.1 环境问题13-14 1.1.2 机电产品面临的绿色壁垒14 1.1.3 绿色设计14-15 1.2 国内外研究现状15-22 1.2.1 绿色设计15-17 1.2.2 产品生命周期评价技术17-19 1.2.3 LCA软件工具19-22 1.3 课题的提出及研究意义22-23 1.4 课题来源23 1.5 研究内容23-25第2章机电产品生命周期评价方法研究25-41 2.1 生命周期评价方法学框架25-28 2.1.1 生命周期评价的定义25 2.1.2 生命周期评价技术框架25-27 2.1.3 LCA的局限性27-28 2.2 机电产品系统模型28-29 2.2.1 机电产品系统模型28 2.2.2 机电产品系统信息组成28-29 2.3 基于机电产品系统模型的LCA29-40 2.3.1机电产品生命周期环境属性29-30 2.3.2 产品生命周期中环境因素识别30-32 2.3.3 机电产品生命周期评价过程和方法32-40 2.4 本章小结40-41第3章面向机电产品的LCA数据库模型研究41-53 3.1 LCA数据库概述41-43 3.2 LCA数据库需求分析43-46 3.2.1 用户需求43-45 3.2.2 LCA数据库需要满足的要求45-46 3.3 基于过程树的LCA数据库模型46-49 3.3.1基于过程的生命周期清单分析46-47 3.3.2 基于过程的影响评价47 3.3.3 基于过程的LCA数据库三层结构模型47-49 3.4 LCA 数据库设计49-51 3.4.1 概念结构设计49-50 3.4.2 对象属性分析50 3.4.3 逻辑结构设计50-51 3.5 本章小结51-53第4章 MLCA软件的设计与开发53-69 4.1 软件开发平台与开发模式简介53-55 4.1.1 开发环境53 4.1.2 关系型数据库53-54 4.1.3 用户界面平台54 4.1.4 系统开发模式54-55 4.2 系统总体设计55-57 4.2.1 系统目的和总体框架55 4.2.2 系统业务流程分析55-56 4.2.3 系统功能介绍56-57 4.3 系统详细设计57-61 4.3.1 定义接口57-58 4.3.2 关联数据库58-60 4.3.3 实现接口60-61 4.4 系统操作界面设计61-67 4.4.1 界面设计原则61 4.4.2 系统首页设计61-62 4.4.3 基础数据模块设计62-63 4.4.4 清单分析模块设计63-66 4.4.5 影响评价模块设计66 4.4.6 系统管理模块设计66-67 4.5 本章小结67-69第5章 MLCA系统实例应用69-81 5.1 Y80电机概述69-71 5.1.1 电机基本结构及参数69-71 5.1.2 Y80电机生命周期分析71 5.2 目的和范围确定71-73 5.2.1 评价目的71-72 5.2.2 范围界定72-73 5.3 清单分析73-77 5.3.1 原材料采集阶段73-76 5.3.2 加工制造阶段76 5.3.3 产品使用阶段76-77 5.3.4 各阶段清单汇总77 5.4 影响评价77-78 5.4.1 归一化基准说明77-78 5.4.2 评价结果78 5.5 结果解释78-79 5.6 本章小结79-81第6章总结与展望81-83 6.1 总结81-82 6.2 展望82-83参考文献83-87攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文与参研课题87-89致谢89-91学位论文评阅及答辩情况表91出师表两汉：诸葛亮先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。