light.
water is substance
• Thales所問的問題：變化從何而來？ • Thales 之前，希臘人以神話、英雄與擬人化的神來解釋
自然現象。 • Thales之改變：from which is everything that exists and
from which it first becomes and into which it is rendered at last, its substance remaining under it, but transforming in qualities, that is the element and principle of things that are. • For it is necessary that there be some nature, either one or more than one, from which become the other things of the object being saved... Thales the founder of this type of philosophy says that it is water. • Thales drew his conclusion from seeing moist substance turn into air, slime and earth. It seems clear that Thales viewed the Earth as solidifying from the water on which it floated and which surrounded Ocean
希臘七賢（Seven Sages ）
• Solon of Athens – "Nothing in excess" 過猶不及、寧缺勿濫
• Chilon of Sparta – "Know thyself" 認識你自己、撒泡尿照照鏡子
• Thales of Miletus – "To bring surety brings ruin" 求治反亂 Cf. Edmund Burke (1729-17977)
古希腊早期哲学-精选
• 或名「先蘇哲學」Pre-Socratic philosophy
「這條魚是在一次大戰結束後一年捕獲而後放生的」？
• Aristotle 所建構之歷史？
Hale Waihona Puke Solon 580-570
Cleisthenes
460-430 Sophists
Milesian School
Eleatic School
• Periander of Corinth – “Forethought in all things” 凡事三思、謀定而後動
Thales之格言
– Of all things that are, the most ancient is God, for he is uncreated. (岳不群與藍鳳凰之對話）
• Bias of Priene – "Too many workers spoil the work" 人多口雜、人多難辦事（ vs.人多好辦事 ）
• Cleobulus of Lindos – "Moderation is impeccable" 事緩則圓
• Pittacus of Mytilene – "Know thine opportunity" 把握機會、洞燭機先
– The most beautiful is the universe, for it is God's.
– The greatest is space, for it holds all things. – The swiftest is mind, for it speeds everywhere. – The strongest, necessity, for it masters all. – The wisest, time, for it brings everything to
Thales 624-546
Anaximander 610-546
Anaximenes Xenophanes
585-525
580-480
Parmenides 539-469
Zeno 490-430
Melissus 480-400
Gorgias 483-375
Pythagorean
Pythagoras 580-500
Anaximander
• 610-547 BC
• Apeiron is substance
• Thales之同鄉與學生 • 製作過世界地圖 • 曾擔任某城邦之領導人
• Anaximander argues that water cannot embrace all of the opposites found in nature — for example, water can only be wet, never dry — and therefore cannot be the one primary substance; nor could any of the other candidates.
Leucippus ca.450
Democritus 460-370
Protagoras 484-411
Socrates 469-399
Thales
• 624-546 BC
• water is substance
佚聞
• 經濟：曾預言氣候變化，因此輸入橄欖壓 榨機
• 政治：曾預言日蝕，因此戰勝Iranians • 科學：曾測量金字塔高度 • 希臘七賢之一
Heraclitus 540-475
520 in Crotona
established a secret religious society
Cratylus
Pluralist School
Atomist School of Pluralists
Empedocles 493-433
Anaxagoras 500-438