否定形式：not doing/ not having done
例如：
⑴They couldn’t stand being treated like that.⑵The boy didn’t mind being left at home.
⑶I regret not having taken his advice. ⑷I didn’t remember having ever been given such a chance.
动名词：
一、作主语
eg.⑴Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. ⑵Smoking is bad for your health.
结构：It’s no use/no good/useless doing sth.It’s a waste of time doing sth.There is no doing sth. (…是不可能的）eg.⑴It’s no use talking too much.⑵There is no getting along with him. (他这个人很难相处）
二、动名词作表语
eg.⑴My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job.
⑵His greatest happiness is serving the people.= Serving the people is his greatest happiness.
三、动名词作宾语
eg.⑴He enjoys playing football. ⑵He left without saying goodbye to us. ⑶She makes a living by selling flowers. 只能接动名词作宾语的动词和词组有：
finish, mind, consider, practice, imagine, avoid, miss ,appreciate, escape, risk, admit, feel like, can’t help, give up, end up, can’t stand, be worth等
to为动名词的动词短语:
习惯于be/get used to 坚持stick to 反对object to 导致lead to 献身于devote to 喜欢prefer to
谈到come to 期待look forward to 加上add to开始get down to
在介词后面作宾语的词组有：
insist on, look forward to, be used to doing, be fond of, get down to(开始做某事), be interested in, spend…(in) doing sth, de vote…to…, object to(反对)等.
动名词的复合结构:
名词/名词所有格/形物/宾格＋doing(动名词）
eg.They insisted on Tom/Tom’s /his/ him staying longer.
Tom’s / His coming is what we have expected.
③既可接动名词又可接动词不定式做宾语的动词有下面几种情况：
a)like, love, hate, continue)to do/doing
b)start(begin)to do/doing,当主语是物；含有进行体或这两个动词后面有情感动词时只能用to do.因此，首选to do.
c)remember(forget, regret)to do/doing, to do表示这个动作还没做；doing表示这个动作已做，已完成。

d)want(need, require)doing/to be done如：The classroom needs cleaning/to be cleaned.
e)be worth doing; be worthy of being done/to be done; It’s worthwhile to do/doing
f)go on to do something/doing something; try to do/doing; stop to do/doing; mean to do/doing; learn to do/doing(学会了做……)；can’t help to do(对于做某事不能有所帮助)/doing something(情不自禁地做……)
四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语表示被修饰的名词的用途。

eg. ⑴a swimming pool= a pool which is used for swimming
⑵a walking stick = a stick which is used for waking
现在分词
一、现在分词作定语
1. 表示被修饰名词本身所具有的性质、特征。

⑴an amusing story= a story which amuses people.
⑵an interesting book= a book which interests people
2.表示被修饰名词正在进行的动作，并且
⑴the rising sun=the sun which is rising
⑵a sleeping boy= a boy who is sleeping
⑶The boy singing now is my brother.= The boy who is singing now is my brother.
⑷The temple standing at the foot of the hill is old.= The temple which stands at the foot of the hill is old.
二、现在分词作表语
eg.⑴The cake is very inviting (诱人的，吸引人的) ⑵The news was disappointing.
三、现在分词作宾语补助语
⑴When I passed by his house, I heard him playing the piano. ⑵I felt the house shaking.
⑶He kept me waiting for so long. ⑷I found him smoking. →He was found smoking.
接现在分词作宾语补助语的动词有：
see, watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, get, have, leave, catch, find等。

四、现在分词作状语
1. He stood there. He read a book.→He stood there, and read a book.→He stood there, reading a book.
2. First he graduated from the college. Then he hunted for a job.
→Having graduated from the college, he hunted for a job.
现在分词短语作状语时，通常表示主语正在进行的另一个动作，用来对谓语动词表示的动作加以修饰，它可以表示时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，方式或伴随动作。

1.现在分词作时间状语, 相当于时间状语从句
(When) Walking in the street, he met one of his old friends.
2.作原因状语,相当于原因状语从句.
eg. ⑴Being ill, he stayed at home.
⑵Not knowing how to do it, he asked the teacher for help.
3.作条件状语,相当于条件状语从句.
eg.⑴Going straight, you will find the door.
⑵Working hard, you will succeed.
4. 作让步状语,相当于让步状语从句.
e.g. Ha ving failed several times, he didn’t lose heart.
5.作结果状语.
e.g. Her husband died, leaving her three children.
6. 作方式状语
e.g. Work out the problem, using another way.
7.作伴随状语,相当于并列句.
e.g. A little girl came in, singing and dancing.
独立成分：
to tell you the truth, supposing/providing/provided that…(如果,假使)，compared to/with 和……相比较
e.g.⑴Generally speaking, this poem is good. 总的说来, 这首诗不错。

⑵Judging by his accent，he must be from Shandong．。