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英汉互译篇章翻译原则与策略


甲:玛丽学近代文学,不学近代语言学。 玛丽学近代文学, 近代语言学。 她学近代历史么? 乙: 她学近代历史么? A:Mary studies modern literature and doesn’t do modern linguistics. B:Does she do modern history?
2.2 Parataxis VS Hypotaxis Chinese discourse -----parataxis(意合) English discourse-------Hypotaxis (形合) Example(1)牡丹江水,汹涌澎湃,万马奔腾, 一泻千里。 Translation: Waves upon waves, the Peony River rushed violently down its long course like a horse galloping.
1.1 reference (照应) Personal reference (人称照应) 人称照应是通过人称代词(如 人称照应是通过人称代词 如 they, she, him 等)、所属限定词(如his, your, )、所属限定词 所属限定词( its 等),和所属代词(hers, theirs, 和所属代词( 和所属代词 , mine 等)和冠词指示代词来实现。 和冠词指示代词来实现。 英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用 率大大高于汉语。 率大大高于汉语。
为了衔接紧密增译代词和冠词
孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大; 孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大; 喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人 青白脸色,皱纹间时常夹些伤痕;一部乱蓬蓬的花白 青白脸色,皱纹间时常夹些伤痕; 的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫,可是又脏又破, 的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫,可是又脏又破,似乎十多 年没有补,也没有洗。( 孔乙己》 。(《 年没有补,也没有洗。(《孔乙己》) Kong was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine standing. He was a big man, strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his face. He had a large unkempt beard, streaked with white. Although he wore a long gown, it was dirty and tattered, and looked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years. (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang)
2)这个时候他来了,而这时我根本想不到他会 这个时候他来了, 这时我根本想不到他会 这个时候他来了 来。 He came at a time when I least expected him. 3)那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上,这样的晚上大部分 那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上, 那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上 人呆在家里。 人呆在家里。 It was one of those cold, wet evenings when most people stay indoors.
(二)衔接与连贯 二 (cohesion and coherence )
1 cohesion Halliday & Hasan 在Cohesion in English 中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类
照应 reference 替代 substitution 省略 ellipsis 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion 连接 cቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱnjunction
1.2 Substitution (替代) Substitution could be found in Chinese language and English Language, but comparatively, it is used more frequently in English Language.
篇章特征
篇章它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。 篇章它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇 并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积, 并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积,而 是一些意义相联系的句子为达到一定交 际目的, 际目的,通过各种衔接手段而实现的有 机结合。 机结合。
(一)A Comparison Between Chinese Discourse and English Discourse
1.3 ellipsis Chinese --------repetition English---------ellipsis 朱者赤, 墨者黑。 近朱者赤,近墨者黑。 Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil.
1.5 conjunction
连接成分本身就具有明确含义, 连接成分本身就具有明确含义, 通过在语篇中使用这类连接性词 语,“人们可以了解子句之间的 语义联系, 语义联系,甚至可经前句从逻辑 上预见后续句的语义。( 。(胡壮麟, 上预见后续句的语义。( 1994:92)
表示递进关系:also, too, furthermore, 表示递进关系 besides, moreover, in addition, what is more… 表示因果关系:because, for. For this reason. 表示因果关系 Since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, consequently, of course, accordingly… 表示文章意义的转折或对比:although, 表示文章意义的转折或对比 however, on the contrary, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact, on the other hand, as a matter of fact…
Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month, inhabitants on the island would start their countdown on the Spring Festival. They would sweep their houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture. After that they begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th of the month, households start their “New Year Thanks-giving” rites to pay homage to their ancestors.
每年农历十二月二十以后, 每年农历十二月二十以后,海岛上 的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。 的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先 搞卫生,掸去一年尘土。 搞卫生,掸去一年尘土。接着准备 食品,做年糕,炒倭豆、炒番薯片、 食品,做年糕,炒倭豆、炒番薯片、 打米花糖。二十五、二十六起,家 打米花糖。二十五、二十六起, 家户户开始“谢年” 祀祖先。 家户户开始“谢年”:祀祖先。
1.2 Coherence (连贯性)(coherent) It concerns the ways in which the components of the textual word are mutually accessible and relevant. (distribute knowledge or attain a object) (意义上的内在联系 意义上的内在联系) 意义上的内在联系
He knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and
the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.
General principles
英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似 时,一般可以采用“临摹 临摹”的办法,按 临摹 照源语的发展思路,在译语中复制或基 本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法 称作“逻辑顺组” (logic copying)。 由于汉英在语言结构,语篇衔接模式, 逻辑层次等方面存在很大的差异,汉英 互译时往往需要进行 “逻辑重组” (logic reshuffling)
阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿, 阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿, 训练人的眼睛 训练人的口齿 写作训练人的思维。 训练人的思维 写作训练人的思维。 Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking , one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind..
1.4 lexical cohesion (词汇衔接) Chinese-------- lexical repetition (词汇 重复) English----------Semantic repetition(语 义重复 or relative pronoun)
1)每年有 每年有2000多个等待器官移植的病 多个等待器官 每年有 多个等待器官移植的病 人濒于死亡…… (人体)器官的短缺非 人濒于死亡 人体)器官的短缺非 常严重。 常严重。 More than 2,000 patients are dying annually while waiting for transplant,…The shortage of organs is so serious
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