页岩气在哪里？
• 孔隙中 • 有机质中
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6
产量下降趋势
75 year life？ 50% decline in two weeks
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7
短期产量与长期产量的线性关系
6 to 19 10,000 4000 80 6,500 to 8,700 2.5 FR-water Linear gel Crosslink 100-mesh 40/70 Sand 30/50 Sand
6 to 12 17,000 3500 70 to 90 5,000 to 13,000 1
5 to 37 1,800 1,500 15 to 20 2,800 to 8,000 2.0 to 2.5
SRV (10 ft3)
6
影响产量的因素：水平井长度
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15
水平井逐年增多
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影响产量的因素：水平井走向
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碳酸盐
Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, Reserves and Production Division, November 2006
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石英
粘土
4
2000
SRV和产量的关系
1000
SPE 119890
0 Northing (ft)
SRV vs. 6-month Average All Wells
4000 3500
-1000
-2000
SRV= Stimulated Area x Net Pay
-3000
6 -M o n th A v e ra g e (M C F D )
页岩气储藏的认知
常规气
密封 储藏
砂岩 石灰岩 和 白云岩 岩溶 和 裂缝 达西
103 100 10 1 .1 .01
//
非常规气
较弱 密封 过压密封
毛细作用 顶部密封
致密气砂岩 (粉砂岩)
含气页岩
超密封~=零渗透率
渗透过10米页岩气藏所需时间 300年 3000年 30万年
毫达西
10-3 10-4
Barnett Shale Completion Roadmap
90 700
1500 10000 1000
80
5000 500
70
排量
600
0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0
60
500
Avg. BPM
40
300

Barnett Marcellus
Haynesville
Barnett Marcellus Haynesville
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12
Barnett页岩的复杂裂缝系统
1500 1000 500
2001 Barnett Shale Vertical (SPE 90051) Observation Well Multi-directional networks Interaction with natural fracs One mile long 1,200 ft wide Killed offset wells
17
影响产量的因素：作业体积
Gallons per foot gross VS 12 month GAS CUM
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
gal/ft gross
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页岩气开发的原理与工艺
王强 哈里伯顿中国
提纲 北美页岩气发展概述 页岩气储层特点介绍 页岩开发工艺简述 压裂完井 环境保护
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2
北美页岩分布
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3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
-4000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Easting (ft)
y = 0.5569x + 356.11 2 R = 0.5486
–
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–
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案例：Barnett Shale
1970 – 5 口井 1981 – 1 口井 (CO2 压裂) 1984 – 11 口井 (交联液，3ppg 砂 ， N2) 1985 – 32 口井 (XL Gel) 1988 – 13 口井 (Denton 郡) 1991 - 第一口水平井 1993 – 42 口井 1995 – 85 口井 (将交联液减到20#，2口水平井) 1997 – 83 口井 (将交联液减到12.5#) 1999 – 211 口井 (包括上 Barnett) 2000 – 375 口井 (测试井密度) 2001 – 717 口井 (200 口二次压裂) 2002 - 941 口井 2003 – 754 口井 2004 - 150 口水平井 2005 - 超过 600口水平井 2006 – 1000口水平井 2007- 1500口水平井 2008 – 超过 5500 口水平井，开始在一个井场上打多口井 截止2009年，共有超过13000 口井 目前的课题：二次压裂，同步压裂，回流水再利用
From Barnett Shale Data
18
影响产量的因素：支撑剂用量
SPE 133874
Production by foot, proppant per foot (Miller et al. 2008)
19
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在北美有页岩气的地方就有哈里伯顿
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北美各种页岩压裂总结
SPE 133874
TVD, ft Horizontal length, ft. Number of stages bbl/Stage sk/Stage Rate, bbl/min Avg. psi Avg. lbm/gal Fluid type Barnett
特点：水平最大主应力和最 小主应力差别小，容易形成 复杂网络裂缝系统
趋势
Barnett Shale Completion Roadmap
35000 4500
4000 30000 3500 25000 3000 20000
每段砂量
sks/stage
bbl/stage
2500
15000
2000
每段液量
微达西
10-5 10-6 10-7
纳达西
10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11
渗透率（达西） (1 cP = 9.8692 x 10-9 cm2
5
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-- actually cm3 (atm2 – atm1) / cm sec )
7,450 to 11,010 4,000 to 10,000
ord
8,500 to 14,000 3,000 to 5,000
4 to 6 17,100 3500 70 to 80 3,000 to 5,000 0.57
10 to 18 10,600 3500 70 10,500 to 14,000 2.5 FR-water Linear gel Crosslink 100-mesh 40/70 ISP 40/70 RCP 30/50 ISP
7,000 to 8,000 3,000 to 5,000
Haynesville
10,000 to 13,500 4,000 to 7,600
Marcellus
6,500 to 7,500 4,000 to 5,500
Woodford
7,000 to 13,000 3,000 to 5,000
Bakken
FR-water Linear gel 100-mesh 40/70 Sand 40/70 CRC
Hybrid Crosslink 100-mesh 20/40 Sand 40/70 Sand 20/40 Ceramic
Proppant type
30/50 Sand
–
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砂量在增加 液量在减少 排量先增加，进几年在减少 每段长度摇摆不定
25
30
每段长度
200
20 100 10
0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0
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