高中英语构词法讲解与练习一.类别英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。
二.定义与精讲1.转化法英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。
1)动词转化为名词①很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如:Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
②有时意思有一定变化,如:He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
③有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
2)名词转化为动词①很多表示物件,如Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗 ?②身体部位,如:Please hand me the book请.把那本书递给我。
③某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:Shenursed her husband back to health她.看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
④某些抽象名词也可作动词。
如:We lunched together我.们在一起吃了午餐。
3)形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。
如:We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4)副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。
例如:Murder will out.( 谚语 )恶事终必将败露。
5)形容词转化为名词①表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服②某些形容词如 old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured 等与 the 连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下,如:The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
2.派生法在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。
1)前缀除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un- 等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
例如:appear出现→ disappear消失correct 正确的→ incorrect 不正确的 lead 带领→ mislead 领错 stop停下→ non-stop 不停(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗 ), auto- (自动 ), co- (共同 ), en- (使),inter- (互相 ), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离 )等。
例如:alone antigasautochart自动图表cooperate合作enjoy 使高兴internet 互联网reuse再用subway 地铁telephone电话2)后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。
后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他性;少数后会改,与原来相反的新。
(1)构成名的后常用的有 -ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人 ),-ese (某地人 ),-ess (雌性 ),-ful ( 一⋯⋯ ),-ian (精通⋯⋯的人 ),-ist (人 ),-ment (性;状 ), -ness (性;状 ),-tion( 作;程 )等。
例如:differ 不同于→ difference 区write 写→ writer 作家Japan日本→ Japanese日本人act 表演→ actress女演mouth 口→ mouthful 一口music 音→ musician 音家(2)构成的后常用的有 -(e)n (多用于形容之后),-fy ( 使⋯⋯化 ),-ize (使⋯⋯成 )。
例如:wide→widen 加beauty→beautify 美化pure→purify 提real→realize 意到organ→organize(3)构成形容的后常用的有-al,-able (有能力的 ),-(a)n(某国人的 ),-en (多用于表示材料的名后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful ,-(ic)al ,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定 ),-like ( 像⋯⋯的 ), -ly ,-ous,-some,-y ( 表示天气 )等。
例如:nature 自然→ natural 自然的reason道理→ reasonable有道理的 America 美国→ American 美国的 China 中国→ Chinese中国人的 gold 金子→ golden 金的east→ eastern方的child 孩子→ childish 孩子气的snow 雪→ snowy 雪的(4)构成副的常用后有-ly (主要用于形容之后表示方式或程度 ),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的之后表示方向 )。
例如:angry 生气的→ angrily 生气地to 到→ towards 朝⋯⋯,向⋯⋯east方→ eastward向(5)构成数的后有 -teen (十几 ),-ty ( 几十 ),-th (构成序数 )。
例如:six 六→ sixteen 十六→ sixteenth 第十六 four 四→ forty 四十→ fortieth 第四十3.合成法(1)合成名构成方式例名+名weekend周末名+daybreak黎明名+名handwriting 法名词+及物动词pain-killer 止痛药+er/or名词+介词+名editor-in-chief 总编词辑动词+名词typewriter 打字机动名词+名词reading-room 阅览室现在分词+名词flying-fish 飞鱼形容词+名词gentleman绅士副词+动词outbreak 爆发介词+名词afternoon 下午代词+名词she-wolf 母狼(2)合成形容词构成方式例词名词+形容词snow-white 雪白的名词+现在分词English-speaking 讲英语的名词+ to+名词face-to-face面对面的名词+过去分词man-made人造的数词+名词one-way 单行的数词+名词+形two-year-old 两岁容词的five-storeyed 五层数词+名词+ ed的动词+副词形容词+名词形容词+名词+see-through 透明的 high-class 高级的 noble-minded 高尚 ed的形容词+形容词light-blue 浅蓝色的形容词+现在分good-looking 相貌词好看的副词+形容词 ever-green 常青的 副词+现在分词hard-working 勤劳的副词+过去分词 well-known 著名的 副词+名词fast-food 专门提供快餐服务的介词+名词downhill 下坡的(3)合 成 动 词构成方式 例词名词+动词 sleep-walk 梦游 形容词+动词 white-wash 粉刷 副词+动词 overthrow 推翻(4)合成副构成方式例形容+名hotfoot 匆忙地形容+副everywhere 到副+副however 尽管如此介+名beforehand事先介+副forever 永(5)合成代构成方式例代格+ self herself 她自己物主代+ self myself 我自己形容+名anything 任何西(6)合成介构成方式例副+名inside 在⋯⋯里面介+副within 在⋯⋯之内副+介into 入4.截短法 (缩略法 )截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头telephone→phoneaeroplane→planeomnibus →bus2)去尾mathematics → mathsco-operate→ co-opexamination →examkilogram →kilolaboratory →labtaxicab →taxi3)截头去尾influenza → flurefrigerator →fridgeprescription → script5.混合法 (混成法 )混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。
后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast 新闻广播television broadcast →telecast 电视播送smoke and fog→smog 烟雾helicopter airport →heliport 直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。
读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。
very important person → VIP ( 读字母音 )要人;大人物television →TV ( 读字母音 )电视Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福三.巩固练习1.That man was ________enough not to tellthe manager that he would not do the job.A. careB. carefulC. carelessD. carelessness2. The soldier died for saving the child , so his________is heavier than Mount Tai.A. dieB. deadC. diedD. death3.The child looked ________at his brother whowas badly wounded.A. sadlyB. sadnessC. sadlessD. sad4.He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a________.A. chemistryB. chemicalC. chemistD. physician5.The three- ________chair isn ’t suitable for a youngchild. He may fall off.A. leggingB. leggedC. legsD. leged6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer inthe world.A. leadB. leaderC. leadingD. leadership7.When the teacher praised him for working out themaths problem ,Jack looked________about at his classmates.A. proudB. proudlyC. prideD. pridely8.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the jobquite well.A. satisfiedB. satisfactoryC.satisfying D. satisfaction9.—What are you doing here?— Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.—You can write________passage in English?A.600 words ; a 600-wordsB.600-word ; a 600-wordsC.600 words; a 600-wordD.600 words; a 600-words10.No one should enter the spot without the________ofthe police.A. permitB. permissionC.permitting D. permittence11.You must come with us to the police ________.Ourhead is waiting for you.A. headquartersB. headlineC.headmaster D. headache12.Letting that animal escape was no accident ;you didit ________.A. intendB. intentionC. intentionallyD. intentional13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests witha________smile.A. practiceB. practiseC. practicalD. practiced14. The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.A. judgerB. judgmentC. judgeD. judgement15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what isthe________news about Iraq War?A. latelyB. latestC. laterD. latter16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.A. longerB. lengthC. longD. longing17.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.A. joyB. joyfulC. joylessD. joyness18. Canada is mainly an________country.A. English-speakingB. speak-EnglishC. spoken-EnglishD. English-spoken19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.Heis really a ________.A. foolish ;foolishly ;foolB. fool ;foolish ;foolC.foolish ;fool ;fool D. foolishly ;foolish ;fool20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It ’s ofgreat ________.A. valuableB. valueC. valuelessD. unvaluable21.There were________fish in the river in SouthAmerica.A. in dangerB. dangerC. dangerousD. dangerless22.The letter “b” in the word“doubt” is________.A. soundB. silentC. silenceD. sounded23. The child looked at me________.A. strangerB. strangelyC. strangeD. strangeless24.The black people were against slavery and fought fortheir________bravely.A. freeB. FreelyC. freedomD. frees25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it wasuntrue.A. reasonableB. reasonfulC. reasonlessD. unreason26.We have to learn ________technology from othercountries.A. advanceB. advancingC. advantageD. advanced27.The children live in a village ________.They comehere almost every day.A. nearbyB. nearC. nearlyD. near by28.Mr Black is an ________in the army , not an________in the government. You can not easily findhim in his________.A. official ;officer ;officeB. officer ;office ;officialC. official ;official ;officialD. officer ;official ;office29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep________.A. healthB. healthyC. healthilyD. healthier30.________ speaking,I didn ’tdo it on purpose.A. HonestlyB. HonestC. HonestyD. Dishonest[参考答案]1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB。