– How rapidly are cows becoming pregnant in this herd?
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
Questions to Ask…Metrics to Answer
问题与答案 问: At what rate are eligible cows getting pregnant per unit time? 适配母牛单位时间内怀孕
50% Conception Risk; 80% Service Risk
50%的受胎， 80%的受配
10 nonpregnant cows past the voluntary waiting period (i.e., eligible to become pregnant)
4 cows pregnant t after ft 21 d 21天后4头母牛怀孕
Dr. Michael Overton UC D i VMTRC UC-Davis
$500 $450 $400 $350 $300 $ $250 $200 $150 $100 $ $50 $0
怀孕率每增加一个单 位，每头牛每年可获 得18美元的回报。 怀孕率从14%增加到 18%，每一个单位可 使头牛每年可获得20 美元的回报。 假定怀孕率为8%
怀孕率
200 150 100 50 0 2 4 6
Pregnancy Rate 头 数 n=2,279 平均值 Mean = 14% 中间值 Median = 14%
F req u e en cy
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Breedings g = 537,938 , Heifers = 362,512 Herds = 2,668
M Mean CR CR:
57% 57
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
Are cows getting inseminated in a timely manner? 配种
SR
母牛是否适时受配？
明尼苏达的奶牛受胎率（1998，DHI数据）
120
牛 100 群 数
Herd d Count
80 60 40 20 0 15 20 25
受胎率
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Conception Rate (%)
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
Characterization of Holstein Heifer Fertility in the United States Kuhn K h et t al., l J. J Dairy D i S Sci. i 89 89:4907-4920; 4907 4920 2006
Reproductive Management of Dairy Cattle
奶牛的繁殖管理
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
保罗•弗瑞克 博士
Professor of Dairy Science University of Wisconsin – Madison 威斯康星大学奶业科学系 - 麦迪逊
怀孕 % Pregnancy
Compiled p by: y D. Kelton, , K. Lissemore, , University y of Guelph p S. Stewart, University of Minnesota
October, 2000
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
What is the Pregnancy Risk?
哪个是怀孕的关键指标？
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
Pregnancy Risk, 1998 Minnesota DHI Data
怀孕的关键点
Rapnicki P, Stewart S, Eicker S. 2001. Proc 4-State Appl Nutr Mgt Conf, La Crosse, WI
的比率？
答: Pregnancy P Rate R t 怀孕率 率 Question: How efficiently do cows conceive Question once they are bred? 配种后母牛受胎的效率？ Metric: Conception Rate 受胎率 Question: Are we getting eligible cows Question inseminated in a timely manner? 对适配母牛及时

Paul M. Fricke, PhD
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
Measuring Reproductive P f Performance
Reproductive d i performance f in i ad dairy i h herd di is determined by how rapidly the herd management system turns open cows into pregnant cows Key Question to ask:
受胎率
Milk
Return/ cow ($12 milk)
1 unit increase in PR overall ~ $18 avg return per cow/ year. 1 unit increase from 14% to 18%, ~ $20/ cow/ year Assumes: 8% PR w/ ~ 18,000 RHA to start, Milk is per milking cow/day
Overview 综述
Factors Affecting Fertility in Lactating Dairy Cows 影响泌乳牛繁殖力的因素
配种了吗？
Metric: Service Rate 参配率
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
怀孕的关键指标
21-day Pregnancy Risk 21天怀孕是关键指标 Proportion P ti of f eligible li ibl cows th that tb become pregnant every 21 days 适配母牛每21天怀孕的比率 This is the key measure of reproduction
Predicted Changes in Milk/ Cow and Expected Return 预期牛奶/奶牛的变化及期望的回报
75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 22% 24% 26% 28% 30% Pregnancy Rate
明尼苏达的发情鉴定率 （1998，DHI数据）
120
牛 群 100 数
He rd Coun nt
80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
发情鉴定率
Heat Detection Rate (%)
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
One cow pregnant after 21 d (i.e., 10% conception rate) 21天后 天后一头母牛受胎 头母牛受胎 （比如为10%的受胎率）
What is the Pregnancy P Rate? R t ?
怀孕率是多少？
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
Pregnancy Risk Example 3 怀孕关键例三

这是权衡繁殖的关键指标
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
2121 -Day Pregnancy Risk
21天怀孕的关键指标
Factors Affecting g the Rate at Which Cows Become Pregnant: 影响母牛怀孕率的因素
受胎指标
配种指标
怀孕指标
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
= % of eligible cows that are bred every 21 days is equivalent to heat detection rate t if cows are bred b d to t a standing t di estrus
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
Lactating Cows vs. Heifers
Wh t is What i “normal” “ l” for f conception ti rate? t ?
Paul M. Fricke, PhD
Conception Rate, 1998 Minnesota DHI Data
Rapnicki P, Stewart S, Eicker S. 2001. Proc 4 4-State State Appl Nutr Mgt Conf, La Crosse, WI
参配率 = 每隔21天适宜母牛接受配种的%
SR
依据站立发情配种，配种率相当于发情鉴定率
Heat Detection Rate, 1998 Minnesota DHI Data
Rapnicki P, P Stewart S, S Eicker S S. 2001 2001. Proc 4-State Appl Nutr Mgt Conf Conf, La Crosse Crosse, WI
Pregnancy Risk Example 1 怀孕关键，例一
100% Conception Risk; 10% Service Risk
100%的受胎，10%的受配