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第二十一章腹`盆腔手术的麻醉
心跳骤停的原因是什么?
三、胰腺手术的麻醉 (Anesthesia for pancreas surgery)
胰腺手术的麻醉
一、术前准备
• 胰腺手术病人病情重,手术创伤大,时间长; 病人年老体弱,伴随肝功能损害和梗阻性黄疸; 糖耐量异常(glucose tolerance abnormality); 可能合并重要脏器功能不全
5、腹、盆腔手术对肌松弛的要求
Complete neuromuscular blocking is required in operations.
6、腹、盆腔手术中的内脏牵拉反应
Distension of viscera or traction
on peritoneum may induce bradycardia, reducing of arterial pressure and cardiac arrest.
2.Subarachnoid anesthesia a. Single dose b. Intermittent bolus via a catheter
bined spinal and epidural anesthesia
三.全身麻醉(General anesthesia)
• 适用于各种腹盆腔手术,尤其是手术困难 以及老年、体弱、肥胖、病情危重或有椎 管内麻醉禁忌证的病人。麻醉可控性强, 给氧充分,能充分对机体生理功能进行调 控.
Cardiac preload may increase.
Nerve injuries to the common peroneal, sciatic, and femoral nerves are likely.
4、腹压对生理功能的影响
• Increased abdominal pressure and elevation of diaphragm lead to dyspnea.
第二十一章腹`盆腔手术的麻醉
2、腹、盆腔手术围术期液体管理
• Severe bleeding(massive hemorrhage), massive loss of body fluid,internal redistribution of fluids— often called “third space” can cause severe intravascular depletion.
胆囊床淋撒利多卡因、腹腔神经丛阻滞、全 麻加深麻醉,出现心动过缓、血压下降及时用 阿托品、麻黄素纠正,硬膜外防止平面过高引 起呼吸循环抑制,保证供氧充分,必要时及时 终止手术刺激。
胆道手术的麻醉
• 注意凝血机制紊乱,如有异常渗血,及时 检查,必要时予抗纤溶药物治疗。
• 输血,必要时适量输成分血。 • 保护肾功能,术中可使用小量甘露醇并防
二、胆道手术的 麻醉 (anesthesia for operations on
biliary tract)
胆道手术的麻醉
一、术前准备
(1)胆道手术病人特点
• 肝功能损害(Hepatic function lesion),代 谢解毒能力降低
• 高胆红素血症(Hyperbilirubinemia),高迷走 神经张力
营养不良(malnutrition),术前应纠正 2.因呕吐、腹泻、肠内液体潴留等因素引起的水、
电解质酸碱平衡紊乱(Disturbance of fluid ,electrolyte and acid-base balance) 应纠正 3.术前胃肠减压(gastrointestinal decompression,reduction in gastric volume)
• 阻塞性黄疸(obstructive jaundise), VitK吸 收障碍,凝血因子(blood clotting factors; coagulation factors)缺乏,有出血倾向 (hemorrhagic tendency)
• 易发生肝肾综合症(hepatorenal syndrome)
• Vagus reflexion and pelvic nerves reflexion
• Mesentery tracБайду номын сангаасion syndrome
7、腹、盆腔急症手术的特点 • Preoperative assessment
History and physical examination
Full stomach Hypovolemia Fluid and electrolytes disturbance Acid-base unbalance
四.全麻复合椎管内麻醉 (Intravertebral anesthesia used to supplement general
anesthesia)
常用于肝肾功能异常,手术操作复杂, 手术时间冗长,术后需镇痛的大型手术.
利用了两种麻醉方法各自的优点,避 免了实施一种麻醉方法所具有的缺点.
第三节 常见腹盆腔手术的 麻醉处理
胃肠手术的麻醉
二、麻醉选择(Selection of anesthesia technique)
• Epidural anesthesia, supplemented by analgesic and sedative drugs.
• General anesthesia
胃肠手术的麻醉
三、术中的麻醉管理特点(Features of anesthesia managements)
• Preparation for emergency operations
第二节、 腹、盆腔手术的常用 麻醉方法
The commonly used anesthesia techniques for surgery in abdominal and pelvic cavities
一. 局部麻醉(local anesthesia)
• 术前应加强支持治疗 • 纠正水电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱 • 纠正凝血机制异常(VitK) • 监测血糖,备胰岛素(insulin)带入手术室
胰腺手术的麻醉
二、麻醉的选择 General anesthesia General anesthesia and epidural
anesthesia supplementation.
Use of the laryngeal mask airway or
tracheal intubation • Maintenance of anesthesia
Anesthesia may be continued using inhalational agents, I.v.anesthetic agents, I.v.opioids or muscle relaxants in combination.
• 手术探查(Surgical exploration)、牵拉、钝性 剥离胃底、胃小弯和盆底组织可引起强烈的神经 反射,需加深麻醉,切割、吻合时,麻醉深度可 减浅
• 根据术中失血量、病人术前血红蛋白水平,适当 输血(Blood transfusion should be used only if absolutely necessary)
止低血压。
Case report
胆道手术的麻醉
• 1 case discussion
患者,女,37岁,既往体健,因急性胆囊炎在连续硬 膜外麻醉下行胆囊切除术,术中探查胆囊时,患者诉 上腹和肩部剧痛,准备以杜氟合剂辅助,正抽药时, 患者突然意识消失,血压测不到,颈动脉搏动消失, 即行气管插管人工呼吸,胸外心脏按压,注射肾上腺 素、阿托品和地塞米松等,5Min后恢复窦性心律,血 压升至100/80mmHg,20Min后自主呼吸恢复至24 bpm ,50Min后手术结束。
• 方法有: 吸入麻醉(inhalational anesthesia) 静脉麻醉(intravenous anesthesia) 静吸复合麻醉(Balance anesthesia)
• Induction of anesthesia
Inhalational induction
Intravenous induction
• Anesthetic agents,anesthetic techniques and rapid decompression exacerbate vasodilatation, decreased venous return to heart and cardiac output.
The measures should be taken: • Administration of IV fluids. • Modulate the position. • Administration of ephedrine. • Avoid rapid decompression.
胰腺手术的麻醉
三、术中麻醉管理的特点
• 要求肌松完善 • 动态监测血糖,防止中枢神经系统损害,同时
The common anesthesia managements for surgery in abdominal
and pelvic cavities
一、胃肠手术的麻醉(Anesthesia for gastrointestinal operations)
胃肠手术的麻醉
一、术前准备 1.消化性溃疡和肿瘤病人常有贫血(anemia)和
• The fluids infusion rate is 10ml/kg/h and the crystalloid and colloid solutions should be administered properly.
• When the danger of anemia outweighs the risks of transfusion, further blood loss should be replaced with transfusion of red blood cells to maintain hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit.