Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Marcellus – DFN (5 Cluster)
Marcellus Payne – DFN (5 Cluster) (Top View)
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Marcellus Shale (Ex. 1) – Microseismic
Marcellus Shale – Ex. 1 (Single Cluster)
Байду номын сангаас
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Marcellus Shale – Ex. 1
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Marcellus Shale – Ex. 1
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Marcellus Shale – Ex. 1
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Production Model for DFN
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Mass Conservation Equations
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Momentum Equations – Principle Axes
Laminar Flow
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Momentum Equations – Principle Axes
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Interaction Factors – DFN
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Multiple Transverse Fractures – Interference
Conclusions
• DFN may occur if Secondary Fractures Open • DFN vs. a Conventional Bi-Wing Fracture • DFN Fracture Length is Shorter • Stimulated Reservoir Volume is Greater • Proppant Distribution can be much different • Micro-seismic mapping may verify DFN • Production behavior may infer DFN
Complex Fracture Scenarios
(SPE 114173) (SPE 119890)
(SPE 115769) Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Proppant Transport Scenarios
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Fluid Loss Stiffness
Flow Rate
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Elastic Interaction Factor
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Net Pressure Ratio for Multiple Fractures
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Proppant Distribution
Primary Fracture
Secondary Fractures
Dominant
Uniform
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Discrete Fracture Types
• principle planes • x-z plane • spacing; dx,dy,dz • self-similar • saturated • saturated • unsaturated • interaction • aperture ratio • interaction • principle planes • spacing; dx,dy,dz • saturated • unsaturated • • continuum/discontinuous • interaction
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model
Governing Equations – Principle Axes
Continuity Equation
Mass Conservation
Momentum Conservation Width-Opening Pressure
Vertical Axis Horizontal Fractures (x-y plane)
Discrete Fracture Network Model
Major Assumptions
Dominant or primary fracture Secondary fractures • initiate when • principle planes (propagate perpendicular to minimum stress) • discrete (saturated or unsaturated) Ignore interfacial joint dilatancy Include fracture interaction Stimulated Reservoir Volume - Ellipsoidal
(SPE 115769)
Discrete Fracture Network Model
Major Axis Vertical Fractures (x-z plane)
Minor Axis Vertical Fractures (y-z plane)
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model